Cited by 1,097SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesEvolution and Genetic Dynamics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection

Open access

DOI 10.1038/s41586-021-03291-yPMC PMC7610568

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for virus infection through the engagement of the human ACE2 protein 1 and is a major antibody target. Here we show that chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to viral evolution and reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma, by generating whole-genome ultra-deep sequences for 23 time points that span 101 days and using in vitro techniques to characterize the mutations revealed by sequencing. There was little change in the overall structure of the viral population after two courses of remdesivir during the first 57 days. However, after convalescent plasma therapy, we observed large, dynamic shifts in the viral population, with the emergence of a dominant viral strain that contained a substitution (D796H) in the S2 subunit and a deletion (ΔH69/ΔV70) in the S1 N-terminal domain of the spike protein. As passively transferred serum antibodies diminished, viruses with the escape genotype were reduced in frequency, before returning during a final, unsuccessful course of convalescent plasma treatment. In vitro, the spike double mutant bearing both ΔH69/ΔV70 and D796H conferred modestly decreased sensitivity to convalescent plasma, while maintaining infectivity levels that were similar to the wild-type virus.The spike substitution mutant D796H appeared to be the main contributor to the decreased susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies, but this mutation resulted in an infectivity defect. The spike deletion mutant ΔH69/ΔV70 had a twofold higher level of infectivity than wild-type SARS-CoV-2, possibly compensating for the reduced infectivity of the D796H mutation. These data reveal strong selection on SARS-CoV-2 during convalescent plasma therapy, which is associated with the emergence of viral variants that show evidence of reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41586-021-03291-y

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability
Katoh, K., & Standley, D. M. (2013) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst010 · Cited by 46,209
Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads
Martin, M. (2011) · EMBnet.journal · doi:10.14806/ej.17.1.200 · Cited by 33,889
SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286
ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates
Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B. Q., Wong, T. K. F., von Haeseler, A., & Jermiin, L. S. (2017) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4285 · Cited by 18,449
IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era
(2019) · doi:10.1101/849372 · Cited by 16,873
IQ-TREE 2: New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era
Minh, B. Q., Schmidt, H. A., Chernomor, O., Schrempf, D., Woodhams, M. D., von Haeseler, A., & Lanfear, R. (2020) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa015 · Cited by 16,873
Minimap2: Pairwise alignment for nucleotide sequences
Li, H. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty191 · Cited by 14,807
BEAST 2: a software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis
Bouckaert, R., Heled, J., Kühnert, D., Vaughan, T., Wu, C.-H., Xie, D., Suchard, M. A., Rambaut, A., & Drummond, A. J. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537 · Cited by 6,527
Ultrafast Approximation for Phylogenetic Bootstrap
Minh, B. Q., Nguyen, M. A. T., & von Haeseler, A. (2013) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/mst024 · Cited by 4,844
Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus
Korber, B., Fischer, W. M., Gnanakaran, S., Yoon, H., Theiler, J., Abfalterer, W., Hengartner, N., Giorgi, E. E., Bhattacharya, T., Foley, B., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043 · Cited by 4,281

Show all 54 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Rambaut, A. et al. Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations. Preprint at https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 (2020).
Meredith, L. W. et al. Rapid implementation of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing to investigate cases of health-care associated COVID-19: a prospective genomic surveillance study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 1263–1271 (2020). · DOI

Sorted by citations

SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape
Harvey, W. T., Carabelli, A. M., Jackson, B., Gupta, R. K., Thomson, E. C., Harrison, E. M., Ludden, C., Reeve, R., Rambaut, A., COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, et al. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0 · Cited by 3,528
Self-citation
Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England
Davies, N. G., Abbott, S., Barnard, R. C., Jarvis, C. I., Kucharski, A. J., Munday, J. D., Pearson, C. A. B., Russell, T. W., Tully, D. C., Washburne, A. D., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg3055 · Cited by 2,581
“Third, the DH69/DV70 deletion in spike contributed to immune escape in an immunocompromised patient (7), which suggests that immunity to preexisting variants may afford reduced protection against infectionwith VOC (hypothesis 3).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa
Tegally, H., Wilkinson, E., Giovanetti, M., Iranzadeh, A., Fonseca, V., Giandhari, J., Doolabh, D., Pillay, S., San, E. J., Msomi, N., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03402-9 · Cited by 2,510
Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7
Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Liu, L., Iketani, S., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Kwong, P. D., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 · Cited by 2,312
Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies
Cao, Y., Wang, J., Jian, F., Xiao, T., Song, W., Yisimayi, A., Huang, W., Li, Q., Wang, P., An, R., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04385-3 · Cited by 2,006

See all 1,097

Chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral evolution in a hypogammaglobulinaemic individualPreprint
Williamson, M. K., Hamilton, F., Hutchings, S., Pymont, H. M., Hackett, M., Arnold, D., Maskell, N. A., MacGowan, A. P., Albur, M., Jenkins, M. H., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.21257591 · Cited by 17
Government should not take "big stick" to NHS after Mid Staffs report, says think tank
O'Dowd, A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1722
Emergence of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Escape Variants in an Immunocompromised Host Undergoing Convalescent Plasma Treatment
Chen, L., Zody, M. C., Germanio, C. D., Martinelli, R., Mediavilla, J. R., Cunningham, M. H., Composto, K., Chow, K. F., Kordalewska, M., Corvelo, A., et al. (2021) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00480-21 · Cited by 92
Emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 mutations in an immunocompromised hostPreprint
Khatamzas, E., Rehn, A., Muenchhoff, M., Hellmuth, J. C., Gaitzsch, E., Weiglein, T., Georgi, E., Scherer, C., Stecher, S. S., Weigert, O., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.20248871 · Cited by 44
Evolution of spike mutations following antibody treatment in two immunocompromised patients with persistent COVID‐19 infection
Bronstein, Y., Adler, A., Katash, H. A., Halutz, O., Herishanu, Y., & Levytskyi, K. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27445 · Cited by 25
SARS-CoV-2 evolution during prolonged infection in immunocompromised patients
Marques, A. D., Graham-Wooten, J., Fitzgerald, A. S., Leonard, A. S., Cook, E. J., Everett, J. K., Rodino, K. G., Moncla, L. H., Kelly, B. J., Collman, R. G., et al. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00110-24 · Cited by 35
Persistent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Immunocompromised Host Displaying Treatment Induced Viral Evolution
Monrad, I., Sahlertz, S. R., Nielsen, S. S. F., Pedersen, L. Ø., Petersen, M. S., Kobel, C. M., Tarpgaard, I. H., Storgaard, M., Mortensen, K. L., Schleimann, M. H., et al. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab295 · Cited by 27
Crucial Mutations of Spike Protein on SARS-CoV-2 Evolved to Variant Strains Escaping Neutralization of Convalescent Plasmas and RBD-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies
Ding, C., He, J., Zhang, X., Jiang, C., Sun, Y. C., Zhang, Y., Chen, Q., He, H., Li, W., Xie, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.693775 · Cited by 47
De novo emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike mutations in immunosuppressed patients
Simons, L. M., Ozer, E. A., Gambut, S., Dean, T. J., Zhang, L., Bhimalli, P. P., Schneider, J. R., Mamede, J. I., Ison, M. G., Karmali, R., et al. (2022) · Transplant Infectious Disease · doi:10.1111/tid.13914 · Cited by 16
SARS-CoV-2 evolution and evasion from multiple antibody treatments in a cancer patientPreprint
Shapira, G., Weiner, C., Sorek‐Abramovich, R., Gutwein, O., Rainy, N., Benveniste‐Levkovitz, P., Gordon, E., Chaim, A. B., & Shomron, N. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.25.22276445 · Cited by 1

Authors: Kemp, S. A., Collier, D. A., Datir, R. P., Ferreira, I. A. T. M., Gayed, S., Jahun, A., Hosmillo, M., Rees-Spear, C., Mlcochova, P., Lumb, I. U., Roberts, D. J., Chandra, A., Temperton, N., The CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration, Principal investigators, Baker, S., Dougan, G., Hess, C., Kingston, N., Lehner, P. J., Lyons, P. A., Matheson, N. J., Owehand, W. H., Saunders, C., Summers, C., Thaventhiran, J. E. D., Toshner, M., Weekes, M. P., nurses, C. &. V. R., Bucke, A., Calder, J., Canna, L., Domingo, J., Elmer, A., Fuller, S., Harris, J., Hewitt, S., Kennet, J., Jose, S., Kourampa, J., Meadows, A., O’Brien, C., Price, J., Publico, C., Rastall, R., Ribeiro, C., Rowlands, J., Ruffolo, V., Tordesillas, H., logistics, S., Bullman, B., Dunmore, B. J., Fawke, S., Gräf, S., Hodgson, J., Huang, C., Hunter, K., Jones, E., Legchenko, E., Matara, C., Martin, J., Mescia, F., O’Donnell, C., Pointon, L., Pond, N., Shih, J., Sutcliffe, R., Tilly, T., Treacy, C., Tong, Z., Wood, J., Wylot, M., acquisition, S. P. &. D., Bergamaschi, L., Betancourt, A., Bower, G., Cossetti, C., De Sa, A., Epping, M., Fawke, S., Gleadall, N., Grenfell, R., Hinch, A., Huhn, O., Jackson, S., Jarvis, I., Lewis, D., Marsden, J., Nice, F., Okecha, G., Omarjee, O., Perera, M., Richoz, N., Romashova, V., Yarkoni, N. S., Sharma, R., Stefanucci, L., Stephens, J., Strezlecki, M., Turner, L., collection, C. D., De Bie, E. M. D. D., Bunclark, K., Josipovic, M., Mackay, M., Rossi, S., Selvan, M., Spencer, S., Yong, C., Royal Papworth Hospital, I. C. U., Ansaripour, A., Michael, A., Mwaura, L., Patterson, C., Polwarth, G., Addenbrooke’s Hospital, I. C. U., Polgarova, P., di Stefano, G., Cambridge & Peterborough Foundation Trust, Fahey, C., Michel, R., ANPC & Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Bong, S.-H., Coudert, J. D., Holmes, E., BioResource, N., Allison, J., Butcher, H., Caputo, D., Clapham-Riley, D., Dewhurst, E., Furlong, A., Graves, B., Gray, J., Ivers, T., Kasanicki, M., Le Gresley, E., Linger, R., Meloy, S., Muldoon, F., Ovington, N., Papadia, S., Phelan, I., Stark, H., Stirrups, K. E., Townsend, P., Walker, N., Webster, J., The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Robson, S. C., Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Loman, N. J., Connor, T. R., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Golubchik, T., Funding acquisition, M. C., Martinez Nunez, R. T., Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Ludden, C., Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Corden, S., Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Johnston, I., Bonsall, D., Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Smith, C. P., Awan, A. R., Funding acquisition, S. &. L., Bucca, G., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Estee Torok, M., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Saeed, K., Prieto, J. A., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Jackson, D. K., Metadata curation, P. A., Hamilton, W. L., Metadata curation, P. A., Snell, L. B., Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Moore, C., Funding acquisition, L. &. S., Harrison, E. M., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Goncalves, S., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Fairley, D. J., Loose, M. W., Watkins, J., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Livett, R., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Moses, S., Leadership & supervision, M. C., Amato, R., Nicholls, S., Bull, M., Leadership & supervision, P. A., Smith, D. L., Leadership & supervision, S. &. A., Barrett, J., Aanensen, D. M., Metadata curation, P. A., Curran, M. D., Parmar, S., Aggarwal, D., Shepherd, J. G., Metadata curation, P. A., Parker, M. D., Metadata curation, S. &. L., Glaysher, S., Metadata curation, S. &. A., Bashton, M., Underwood, A. P., Pacchiarini, N., Loveson, K. F., Project administration, S. &. A., Carabelli, A. M., Funding acquisition, L. &. S. A. M. C., Templeton, K. E., Funding acquisition, L. &. S. A. P. A., Langford, C. F., Sillitoe, J., de Silva, T. I., Wang, D., Funding acquisition, L. &. S. A. S. &. A., Kwiatkowski, D., Rambaut, A., O’Grady, J., Cottrell, S., Leadership & supervision, M. C. A. S. &. A., Holden, M. T. G., Thomson, E. C., Leadership & supervision, P. A. A. S. &. L., Osman, H., Andersson, M., Chauhan, A. J., Hassan-Ibrahim, M. O., Leadership & supervision, P. A. A. S. &. A., Lawniczak, M., Leadership & supervision, S. &. L. A. S. &. A., Alderton, A., Chand, M., Constantinidou, C., Unnikrishnan, M., Darby, A. C., Hiscox, J. A., Paterson, S., Leadership & supervision, S. &. A. A. S. &. A. T., Martincorena, I., Robertson, D. L., Volz, E. M., Page, A. J., Pybus, O. G., Leadership & supervision, S. &. A. A. V., Bassett, A. R., Metadata curation, P. A. A. S. &. L., Ariani, C. V., Spencer Chapman, M. H., Li, K. K., Shah, R. N., Jesudason, N. G., Taha, Y., Metadata curation, P. A. A. S. &. A., McHugh, M. P., Dewar, R., Metadata curation, S. &. L. A. S. &. A., Jahun, A. S., McMurray, C., Pandey, S., McKenna, J. P., Nelson, A., Young, G. R., McCann, C. M., Elliott, S., Metadata curation, S. &. L. A. V., Lowe, H., Metadata curation, S. &. A. A. S. &. A. T., Temperton, B., Roy, S., Price, A., Rey, S., Wyles, M., Metadata curation, S. &. A. A. V., Rooke, S., Shaaban, S., Project administration, S. &. L. A. S. &. A., de Cesare, M., Project administration, S. &. L. A. S. &. A. T., Letchford, L., Project administration, S. &. L. A. V., Silveira, S., Pelosi, E., Wilson-Davies, E., Samples & logistics, S. &. A. A. S. &. A. T., Hosmillo, M., Sequencing & analysis, S. &. A. T. A. V., O’Toole, Á., Hesketh, A. R., Stark, R., du Plessis, L., Ruis, C., Adams, H., Bourgeois, Y., supervision, F. A. A. L. &., Michell, S. L., Grammatopoulos, D., Edgeworth, J., Breuer, J., Todd, J. A., Fraser, C., Funding acquisition and project administration, Buck, D., John, M., curation, L. &. S. A. M., Kay, G. L., Leadership & supervision and project administration, Palmer, S., Peacock, S. J., Heyburn, D., logistics, L. &. S. A. S. &., Weldon, D., Robinson, E., McNally, A., Muir, P., Vipond, I. B., Boyes, J., Sivaprakasam, V., Salluja, T., Dervisevic, S., Meader, E. J., analysis, L. &. S. A. S. &., Park, N. R., Oliver, K., Jeffries, A. R., Ott, S., da Silva Filipe, A., Simpson, D. A., Williams, C., visualization, L. &. S. A., Masoli, J. A. H., logistics, M. C. A. S. &., Knight, B. A., Jones, C. R., Koshy, C., Ash, A., Casey, A., Bosworth, A., Ratcliffe, L., Xu-McCrae, L., Pymont, H. M., Hutchings, S., Berry, L., Jones, K., Halstead, F., Davis, T., Holmes, C., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Lucaci, A. O., Randell, P. A., Cox, A., Madona, P., Harris, K. A., Brown, J. R., Mahungu, T. W., Irish-Tavares, D., Haque, T., Hart, J., Witele, E., Fenton, M. L., Liggett, S., Graham, C., Swindells, E., Collins, J., Eltringham, G., Campbell, S., McClure, P. C., Clark, G., Sloan, T. J., Jones, C., Lynch, J., analysis, M. C. A. S. &., Warne, B., Leonard, S., Durham, J., Williams, T., Haldenby, S. T., Storey, N., Alikhan, N.-F., Holmes, N., Moore, C., Carlile, M., Perry, M., Craine, N., Lyons, R. A., Beckett, A. H., Goudarzi, S., Fearn, C., Cook, K., Dent, H., Paul, H., tools, M. C. A. S. &. A., Davies, R., Project administration and samples & logistics, Blane, B., Girgis, S. T., Beale, M. A., Bellis, K. L., Dorman, M. J., Drury, E., Kane, L., Kay, S., McGuigan, S., Nelson, R., Prestwood, L., Rajatileka, S., Batra, R., Williams, R. J., Kristiansen, M., Green, A., Justice, A., Mahanama, A. I. K., Samaraweera, B., Project administration and sequencing & analysis, Hadjirin, N. F., Quick, J., Project administration and software & analysis tools, Poplawski, R., analysis, S. &. L. A. S. &., Kermack, L. M., Reynolds, N., Hall, G., Chaudhry, Y., Pinckert, M. L., Georgana, I., Moll, R. J., Thornton, A., Myers, R., Stockton, J., Williams, C. A., Yew, W. C., Trotter, A. J., Trebes, A., MacIntyre-Cockett, G., Birchley, A., Adams, A., Plimmer, A., Gatica-Wilcox, B., McKerr, C., Hilvers, E., Jones, H., Asad, H., Coombes, J., Evans, J. M., Fina, L., Gilbert, L., Graham, L., Cronin, M., Kumziene-Summerhayes, S., Taylor, S., Jones, S., Groves, D. C., Zhang, P., Gallis, M., Louka, S. F., tools, S. &. L. A. S. &. A., Starinskij, I., tools, S. &. A. A. S. &. A., Jackson, C., Gourtovaia, M., Tonkin-Hill, G., Lewis, K., Tovar-Corona, J. M., James, K., Baxter, L., Alam, M. T., Orton, R. J., Hughes, J., Vattipally, S., Ragonnet-Cronin, M., Nascimento, F. F., Jorgensen, D., Boyd, O., Geidelberg, L., Zarebski, A. E., Raghwani, J., Kraemer, M. U. G., Southgate, J., Lindsey, B. B., Freeman, T. M., visualization, S. &. A. T. A., Keatley, J.-P., Singer, J. B., de Oliveira Martins, L., Yeats, C. A., Abudahab, K., Taylor, B. E. W., Menegazzo, M., supervision, L. &., Danesh, J., Hogsden, W., Eldirdiri, S., Kenyon, A., Mason, J., Robinson, T. I., Holmes, A., Price, J., Hartley, J. A., Curran, T., Mather, A. E., Shankar, G., Jones, R., Howe, R., Morgan, S., curation, M., Wastenge, E., Chapman, M. R., Mookerjee, S., Stanley, R., Smith, W., Peto, T., Eyre, D., Crook, D., Vernet, G., Kitchen, C., Gulliver, H., Merrick, I., Guest, M., Munn, R., Bradley, D. T., Wyatt, T., Project administration, Beaver, C., Foulser, L., Palmer, S., Churcher, C. M., Brooks, E., Smith, K. S., Galai, K., McManus, G. M., Bolt, F., Coll, F., Meadows, L., Attwood, S. W., Davies, A., De Lacy, E., Downing, F., Edwards, S., Scarlett, G. P., Jeremiah, S., Smith, N., logistics, S. &., Leek, D., Sridhar, S., Forrest, S., Cormie, C., Gill, H. K., Dias, J., Higginson, E. E., Maes, M., Young, J., Wantoch, M., Jamrozy, D., Lo, S., Patel, M., Hill, V., Bewshea, C. M., Ellard, S., Auckland, C., Harrison, I., Bishop, C., Chalker, V., Richter, A., Beggs, A., Best, A., Percival, B., Mirza, J., Megram, O., Mayhew, M., Crawford, L., Ashcroft, F., Moles-Garcia, E., Cumley, N., Hopes, R., Asamaphan, P., Niebel, M. O., Gunson, R. N., Bradley, A., Maclean, A., Mollett, G., Blacow, R., Bird, P., Helmer, T., Fallon, K., Tang, J., Hale, A. D., Macfarlane-Smith, L. R., Harper, K. L., Carden, H., Machin, N. W., Jackson, K. A., Ahmad, S. S. Y., George, R. P., Turtle, L., O’Toole, E., Watts, J., Breen, C., Cowell, A., Alcolea-Medina, A., Charalampous, T., Patel, A., Levett, L. J., Heaney, J., Rowan, A., Taylor, G. P., Shah, D., Atkinson, L., Lee, J. C. D., Westhorpe, A. P., Jannoo, R., Lowe, H. L., Karamani, A., Ensell, L., Chatterton, W., Pusok, M., Dadrah, A., Symmonds, A., Sluga, G., Molnar, Z., Baker, P., Bonner, S., Essex, S., Barton, E., Padgett, D., Scott, G., Greenaway, J., Payne, B. A. I., Burton-Fanning, S., Waugh, S., Raviprakash, V., Sheriff, N., Blakey, V., Williams, L.-A., Moore, J., Stonehouse, S., Smith, L., Davidson, R. K., Bedford, L., Coupland, L., Wright, V., Chappell, J. G., Tsoleridis, T., Ball, J., Khakh, M., Fleming, V. M., Lister, M. M., Howson-Wells, H. C., Berry, L., Boswell, T., Joseph, A., Willingham, I., Duckworth, N., Walsh, S., Wise, E., Moore, N., Mori, M., Cortes, N., Kidd, S., Williams, R., Gifford, L., Bicknell, K., Wyllie, S., Lloyd, A., Impey, R., Malone, C. S., Cogger, B. J., Levene, N., Monaghan, L., Keeley, A. J., Partridge, D. G., Raza, M., Evans, C., Johnson, K., Abnizova, I., Aigrain, L., Alderton, A., Ali, M., Allen, L., Amato, R., Anderson, R., Ariani, C., Austin-Guest, S., Bala, S., Barrett, J., Bassett, A., Battleday, K., Beal, J., Beale, M., Beaver, C., Bellany, S., Bellerby, T., Bellis, K., Berger, D., Berriman, M., Betteridge, E., Bevan, P., Binley, S., Bishop, J., Blackburn, K., Bonfield, J., Boughton, N., Bowker, S., Brendler-Spaeth, T., Bronner, I., Brooklyn, T., Buddenborg, S. K., Bush, R., Caetano, C., Cagan, A., Carter, N., Cartwright, J., Monteiro, T. C., Chapman, L., Chillingworth, T.-J., Clapham, P., Clark, R., Clarke, A., Clarke, C., Cole, D., Cook, E., Coppola, M., Cornell, L., Cornwell, C., Corton, C., Crackett, A., Cranage, A., Craven, H., Craw, S., Crawford, M., Cutts, T., Dabrowska, M., Davies, M., Davies, R., Dawson, J., Day, C., Densem, A., Dibling, T., Dockree, C., Dodd, D., Dogga, S., Dorman, M., Dougan, G., Dougherty, M., Dove, A., Drummond, L., Drury, E., Dudek, M., Durham, J., Durrant, L., Easthope, E., Eckert, S., Ellis, P., Farr, B., Fenton, M., Ferrero, M., Flack, N., Fordham, H., Forsythe, G., Foulser, L., Francis, M., Fraser, A., Freeman, A., Galvin, A., Garcia-Casado, M., Gedny, A., Girgis, S., Glover, J., Goncalves, S., Goodwin, S., Gould, O., Gourtovaia, M., Gray, A., Gray, E., Griffiths, C., Gu, Y., Guerin, F., Hamilton, W., Hanks, H., Harrison, E., Harrott, A., Harry, E., Harvison, J., Heath, P., Hernandez-Koutoucheva, A., Hobbs, R., Holland, D., Holmes, S., Hornett, G., Hough, N., Huckle, L., Hughes-Hallet, L., Hunter, A., Inglis, S., Iqbal, S., Jackson, A., Jackson, D., James, K., Jamrozy, D., Verdejo, C. J., Johnston, I., Jones, M., Kallepally, K., Kane, L., Kay, K., Kay, S., Keatley, J., Keith, A., King, A., Kitchin, L., Kleanthous, M., Klimekova, M., Korlevic, P., Krasheninnkova, K., Kwiatkowski, D., Lane, G., Langford, C., Laverack, A., Law, K., Lawniczak, M., Lensing, S., Leonard, S., Letchford, L., Lewis, K., Lewis-Wade, A., Liddle, J., Lin, Q., Lindsay, S., Linsdell, S., Livett, R., Lo, S., Long, R., Lovell, J., Lovell, J., Ludden, C., Mack, J., Maddison, M., Makunin, A., Mamun, I., Mansfield, J., Marriott, N., Martin, M., Martincorena, I., Mayho, M., McCarthy, S., McClintock, J., McGuigan, S., McHugh, S., McMinn, L., Meadows, C., Mobley, E., Moll, R., Morra, M., Morrow, L., Murie, K., Nash, S., Nathwani, C., Naydenova, P., Neaverson, A., Nelson, R., Nerou, E., Nicholson, J., Nimz, T., Noell, G. G., O’Meara, S., Ohan, V., Oliver, K., Olney, C., Ormond, D., Oszlanczi, A., Palmer, S., Pang, Y. F., Pardubska, B., Park, N., Parmar, A., Patel, G., Patel, M., Payne, M., Peacock, S., Petersen, A., Plowman, D., Preston, T., Prestwood, L., Puethe, C., Quail, M., Rajan, D., Rajatileka, S., Rance, R., Rawlings, S., Redshaw, N., Reynolds, J., Reynolds, M., Rice, S., Richardson, M., Roberts, C., Robinson, K., Robinson, M., Robinson, D., Rogers, H., Rojo, E. M., Roopra, D., Rose, M., Rudd, L., Sadri, R., Salmon, N., Saul, D., Schwach, F., Scott, C., Seekings, P., Shirley, L., Sillitoe, J., Simms, A., Sinnott, M., Sivadasan, S., Siwek, B., Sizer, D., Skeldon, K., Skelton, J., Slater-Tunstill, J., Sloper, L., Smerdon, N., Smith, C., Smith, C., Smith, J., Smith, K., Smith, M., Smith, S., Smith, T., Sneade, L., Soria, C. D., Sousa, C., Souster, E., Sparkes, A., Spencer-Chapman, M., Squares, J., Stanley, R., Steed, C., Stickland, T., Still, I., Stratton, M., Strickland, M., Swann, A., Swiatkowska, A., Sycamore, N., Swift, E., Symons, E., Szluha, S., Taluy, E., Tao, N., Taylor, K., Taylor, S., Thompson, S., Thompson, M., Thomson, M., Thomson, N., Thurston, S., Tonkin-Hill, G., Toombs, D., Topping, B., Tovar-Corona, J., Ungureanu, D., Uphill, J., Urbanova, J., Jansen Van, P., Vancollie, V., Voak, P., Walker, D., Walker, M., Waller, M., Ward, G., Weatherhogg, C., Webb, N., Weldon, D., Wells, A., Wells, E., Westwood, L., Whipp, T., Whiteley, T., Whitton, G., Whitwham, A., Widaa, S., Williams, M., Wilson, M., Wright, S., analysis, S. &., Betteridge, E., Farr, B. W., Goodwin, S., Quail, M. A., Scott, C., Shirley, L., Thurston, S. A. J., Rajan, D., Bronner, I. F., Aigrain, L., Redshaw, N. M., Lensing, S. V., McCarthy, S., Makunin, A., Balcazar, C. E., Gallagher, M. D., Williamson, K. A., Stanton, T. D., Michelsen, M. L., Warwick-Dugdale, J., Manley, R., Farbos, A., Harrison, J. W., Sambles, C. M., Studholme, D. J., Lackenby, A., Mbisa, T., Platt, S., Miah, S., Bibby, D., Manso, C., Hubb, J., Dabrera, G., Ramsay, M., Bradshaw, D., Schaefer, U., Groves, N., Gallagher, E., Lee, D., Williams, D., Ellaby, N., Hartman, H., Manesis, N., Patel, V., Ledesma, J., Twohig, K. A., Allara, E., Pearson, C., Cheng, J. K. J., Bridgewater, H. E., Frost, L. R., Taylor-Joyce, G., Brown, P. E., Tong, L., Broos, A., Mair, D., Nichols, J., Carmichael, S. N., Smollett, K. L., Nomikou, K., Aranday-Cortes, E., Johnson, N., Nickbakhsh, S., Vamos, E. E., Hughes, M., Rainbow, L., Eccles, R., Nelson, C., Whitehead, M., Gregory, R., Gemmell, M., Wierzbicki, C., Webster, H. J., Fisher, C. L., Signell, A. W., Betancor, G., Wilson, H. D., Nebbia, G., Flaviani, F., Cerda, A. C., Merrill, T. V., Wilson, R. E., Cotic, M., Bayzid, N., Thompson, T., Acheson, E., Rushton, S., O’Brien, S., Baker, D. J., Rudder, S., Aydin, A., Sang, F., Debebe, J., Francois, S., Vasylyeva, T. I., Zamudio, M. E., Gutierrez, B., Marchbank, A., Maksimovic, J., Spellman, K., McCluggage, K., Morgan, M., Beer, R., Afifi, S., Workman, T., Fuller, W., Bresner, C., Angyal, A., Green, L. R., Parsons, P. J., Tucker, R. M., Brown, R., Whiteley, M., tools, S. &. A., Bonfield, J., Puethe, C., Whitwham, A., Liddle, J., Rowe, W., Siveroni, I., Le-Viet, T., Gaskin, A., Visualization, Johnson, R., Sharrocks, K., Blane, E., Modis, Y., Leigh, K. E., Briggs, J. A. G., van Gils, M. J., Smith, K. G. C., Bradley, J. R., Smith, C., Doffinger, R., Ceron-Gutierrez, L., Barcenas-Morales, G., Pollock, D. D., Goldstein, R. A., Smielewska, A., Skittrall, J. P., Gouliouris, T., Goodfellow, I. G., Gkrania-Klotsas, E., Illingworth, C. J. R., McCoy, L. E., & Gupta, R. K.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
University of Cambridge (GB)
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
NHS Blood and Transplant (GB)
Medway School of Pharmacy (GB)
University of Basel (CH)
Addenbrooke's Hospital (GB)
Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Fulbourn Hospital (GB)
Murdoch University (AU)
King's College London (GB)
Public Health Wales (GB)
Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
University of Brighton (GB)
Guy's Hospital (GB)
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (GB)
East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
Public Health England (GB)
University of Sheffield (GB)
University of Nottingham (GB)
Northumbria University (GB)
Queen's University Belfast (GB)
University of Kent (GB)
Quadram Institute (GB)
Public Health Scotland (GB)
Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
University of Liverpool (GB)
Imperial College London (GB)
MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (GB)
NHS Lothian (GB)
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust (GB)
University of East Anglia (GB)
University of Exeter (GB)
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (GB)
Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (GB)
Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (GB)
University of Warwick (GB)
Barking, Havering And Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham (GB)
Wye Valley NHS Trust (GB)
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust (GB)
Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital (GB)
University of Portsmouth (GB)
Kettering General Hospital (GB)
North West London Pathology (GB)
University of Surrey (GB)
Swansea University (GB)
Royal Hampshire County Hospital (GB)
Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute (GB)
Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (GB)
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust (GB)
University of Edinburgh (GB)
Norfolk County Council (GB)
East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Queen's Medical Centre (GB)
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust (GB)
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (GB)
Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (MX)
Newcastle University (GB)
Cardiff University (GB)
University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
Corresponding author: Gupta, Ravindra K.
ORCID: Kemp, Steven A.
Collier, Dami A.
Datir, Rawlings P.
Ferreira, Isabella A. T. M.
Jahun, Aminu
Rees-Spear, Chloe
Roberts, David J.
Chandra, Anita
Temperton, Nigel
Baker, Stephen
Hess, Christoph
Kingston, Nathalie
Lehner, Paul J.
Lyons, Paul A.
Matheson, Nicholas J.
Summers, Charlotte
Thaventhiran, James E. D.
Toshner, Mark
Weekes, Michael P.
Domingo, Jason
Kennet, Jane
Price, Jane
Rowlands, Jane
Dunmore, Benjamin J.
Gräf, Stefan
Legchenko, Ekaterina
Martin, Jennifer
Mescia, Federica
Pointon, Linda
Tilly, Tobias
Wood, Jennifer
Cossetti, Chiara
Epping, Madeline
Grenfell, Richard
Jackson, Sarah
Nice, Francesca
Omarjee, Ommar
Perera, Marianne
Richoz, Nathan
Yarkoni, Natalia Savinykh
Sharma, Rahul
Stefanucci, Luca
Stephens, Jonathan
Bunclark, Katherine
Rossi, Sabrina
Yong, Cissy
Ansaripour, Ali
Mwaura, Lucy
Polwarth, Gary
Polgarova, Petra
Bong, Sze-How
Holmes, Elaine
Papadia, Sofia
Stark, Hannah
Stirrups, Kathleen E.
Walker, Neil
Webster, Jennifer
Robson, Samuel C.
Loman, Nicholas J.
Connor, Thomas R.
Golubchik, Tanya
Bonsall, David
Smith, Colin P.
Bucca, Giselda
Saeed, Kordo
Prieto, Jacqui A.
Snell, Luke B.
Moore, Catherine
Fairley, Derek J.
Loose, Matthew W.
Moses, Samuel
Bull, Matthew
Aanensen, David M.
Curran, Martin D.
Parmar, Surendra
Aggarwal, Dinesh
Shepherd, James G.
Glaysher, Sharon
Bashton, Matthew
Pacchiarini, Nicole
Carabelli, Alessandro M.
Templeton, Kate E.
Wang, Dennis
Rambaut, Andrew
O’Grady, Justin
Cottrell, Simon
Holden, Matthew T. G.
Thomson, Emma C.
Andersson, Monique
Chauhan, Anoop J.
Chand, Meera
Constantinidou, Chrystala
Unnikrishnan, Meera
Darby, Alistair C.
Hiscox, Julian A.
Paterson, Steve
Robertson, David L.
Volz, Erik M.
Page, Andrew J.
Pybus, Oliver G.
Li, Kathy K.
Shah, Rajiv N.
Jesudason, Natasha G.
Dewar, Rebecca
McMurray, Claire
McKenna, James P.
Nelson, Andrew
Young, Gregory R.
McCann, Clare M.
Temperton, Ben
Roy, Sunando
Price, Anna
Rey, Sara
Rooke, Stefan
Shaaban, Sharif
Silveira, Siona
Pelosi, Emanuela
Wilson-Davies, Eleri
Stark, Richard
Bourgeois, Yann
Grammatopoulos, Dimitris
Edgeworth, Jonathan
Breuer, Judith
Todd, John A.
Fraser, Christophe
Buck, David
Kay, Gemma L.
McNally, Alan
Muir, Peter
Sivaprakasam, Venkat
Dervisevic, Samir
Jeffries, Aaron R.
Ott, Sascha
Simpson, David A.
Masoli, Jane A. H.
Knight, Bridget A.
Jones, Christopher R.
Bosworth, Andrew
Pymont, Hannah M.
Hutchings, Stephanie
Jones, Katie
Halstead, Fenella
Holmes, Christopher
Randell, Paul Anthony
Cox, Alison
Harris, Kathryn Ann
Brown, Julianne Rose
Haque, Tanzina
Liggett, Steven
Graham, Clive
Collins, Jennifer
Clark, Gemma
Sloan, Tim J.
Lynch, Jessica
Warne, Ben
Williams, Thomas
Haldenby, Sam T.
Storey, Nathaniel
Alikhan, Nabil-Fareed
Holmes, Nadine
Perry, Malorie
Lyons, Ronan A.
Beckett, Angela H.
Fearn, Christopher
Cook, Kate
Blane, Beth
Batra, Rahul
Williams, Rachel J.
Green, Angie
Samaraweera, Buddhini
Quick, Joshua
Poplawski, Radoslaw
Reynolds, Nicola
Hall, Grant
Chaudhry, Yasmin
Pinckert, Malte L.
Georgana, Iliana
Myers, Richard
Stockton, Joanne
Williams, Charlotte A.
Yew, Wen C.
Trotter, Alexander J.
Trebes, Amy
Plimmer, Amy
McKerr, Caoimhe
Asad, Hibo
Graham, Lee
Taylor, Sarah
Gallis, Marta
Louka, Stavroula F.
Starinskij, Igor
Jackson, Chris
Baxter, Laura
Alam, Mohammad T.
Orton, Richard J.
Hughes, Joseph
Jorgensen, David
Geidelberg, Lily
Zarebski, Alex E.
Raghwani, Jayna
Kraemer, Moritz U. G.
Southgate, Joel
Lindsey, Benjamin B.
Singer, Joshua B.
Yeats, Corin A.
Taylor, Ben E. W.
Danesh, John
Eldirdiri, Sahar
Holmes, Alison
Price, James
Hartley, John A.
Mather, Alison E.
Chapman, Michael R.
Mookerjee, Siddharth
Stanley, Rachael
Eyre, David
Crook, Derrick
Vernet, Gabrielle
Merrick, Ian
Bradley, Declan T.
Bolt, Frances
Coll, Francesc
Attwood, Stephen W.
Davies, Alisha
Scarlett, Garry P.
Leek, Danielle
Sridhar, Sushmita
Cormie, Claire
Higginson, Ellen E.
Maes, Mailis
Young, Jamie
Wantoch, Michelle
Hill, Verity
Bewshea, Claire M.
Ellard, Sian
Auckland, Cressida
Harrison, Ian
Richter, Alex
Beggs, Andrew
Best, Angus
Percival, Benita
Mirza, Jeremy
Megram, Oliver
Mayhew, Megan
Crawford, Liam
Cumley, Nicola
Asamaphan, Patawee
Niebel, Marc O.
Gunson, Rory N.
Mollett, Guy
Blacow, Rachel
Bird, Paul
Tang, Julian
Carden, Holli
Jackson, Kathryn A.
Ahmad, Shazaad S. Y.
Turtle, Lance
Alcolea-Medina, Adela
Charalampous, Themoula
Patel, Amita
Rowan, Aileen
Taylor, Graham P.
Shah, Divya
Atkinson, Laura
Lee, Jack C. D.
Westhorpe, Adam P.
Lowe, Helen L.
Ensell, Leah
Baker, Paul
Bonner, Stephen
Essex, Sarah
Payne, Brendan A. I.
Raviprakash, Veena
Smith, Louise
Davidson, Rose K.
Bedford, Luke
Coupland, Lindsay
Wright, Victoria
Chappell, Joseph G.
Tsoleridis, Theocharis
Ball, Jonathan
Lister, Michelle M.
Joseph, Amelia
Willingham, Iona
Walsh, Sarah
Wise, Emma
Moore, Nathan
Mori, Matilde
Kidd, Stephen
Williams, Rebecca
Bicknell, Kelly
Wyllie, Sarah
Keeley, Alexander J.
Partridge, David G.
Raza, Mohammad
Evans, Cariad
Johnson, Kate
Abnizova, Irina
Barrett, Jeffrey
Bellis, Katie
Berger, Duncan
Blackburn, Kirsty
Buddenborg, Sarah Kay
Cagan, Alex
Clark, Richard
Cook, Elizabeth
Coppola, Maria
Corton, Craig
Crawford, Mark
Dogga, Sunil
Gray, Emma
Harrott, Alexandria
Harry, Edward
Heath, Paul
Holmes, Sarah
Iqbal, Sameena
Jones, Matthew
Keatley, Jon
Langford, Cordelia
Liddle, Jennifer
Lin, Quan
Lindsay, Sarah
Mayho, Matthew
Murie, Kathryn
Naydenova, Plamena
Noell, Guillaume G.
Ohan, Valeriu
Patel, Gaurang
Plowman, Deborah
Robinson, Katrina
Robinson, David
Rogers, Hazel
Schwach, Frank
Skeldon, Kenneth
Smith, James
Smith, Michelle
Smith, Sean
Strickland, Michelle
Thomson, Nicholas
Thurston, Scott
Vancollie, Valerie
Walker, Matthew
Waller, Matt
Wells, Eloise
Whitton, Georgia
Widaa, Sara
Williams, Mia
Makunin, Alex
Williamson, Kathleen A.
Warwick-Dugdale, Joanna
Farbos, Audrey
Harrison, James W.
Sambles, Christine M.
Studholme, David J.
Lackenby, Angie
Miah, Shahjahan
Bibby, David
Hubb, Jonathan
Dabrera, Gavin
Ramsay, Mary
Bradshaw, Daniel
Groves, Natalie
Gallagher, Eileen
Lee, David
Ellaby, Nicholas
Hartman, Hassan
Ledesma, Juan
Twohig, Katherine A.
Allara, Elias
Cheng, Jeffrey K. J.
Bridgewater, Hannah E.
Frost, Lucy R.
Brown, Paul E.
Tong, Lily
Broos, Alice
Mair, Daniel
Nichols, Jenna
Carmichael, Stephen N.
Smollett, Katherine L.
Nomikou, Kyriaki
Eccles, Richard
Whitehead, Mark
Gemmell, Matthew
Wierzbicki, Claudia
Webster, Hermione J.
Signell, Adrian W.
Betancor, Gilberto
Wilson, Harry D.
Nebbia, Gaia
Flaviani, Flavia
Cotic, Marius
Bayzid, Nadua
Thompson, Thomas
O’Brien, Sarah
Baker, David J.
Rudder, Steven
Aydin, Alp
Sang, Fei
Debebe, Johnny
Vasylyeva, Tetyana I.
Marchbank, Angela
Morgan, Mari
Workman, Trudy
Fuller, William
Bresner, Catherine
Angyal, Adrienn
Green, Luke R.
Parsons, Paul J.
Tucker, Rachel M.
Brown, Rebecca
Whiteley, Max
Siveroni, Igor
Le-Viet, Thanh
Sharrocks, Katherine
Modis, Yorgo
Leigh, Kendra E.
Briggs, John A. G.
Smith, Kenneth G. C.
Bradley, John R.
Pollock, David D.
Goldstein, Richard A.
Smielewska, Anna
Skittrall, Jordan P.
Gouliouris, Theodore
Goodfellow, Ian G.
Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni
Illingworth, Christopher J. R.
McCoy, Laura E.
Gupta, Ravindra K.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-02-05
Volume: 592
Issue: 7853
Pages: 277-282
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03291-y
PMC: PMC7610568
OpenAlex: W3128154910
Cited by: 1,097
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 283 · 2021: 411
FWCI: 77.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2022-07-21)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1175094)
Wellcome Trust (108082/A/15/Z, 108082, 204911/Z/16/Z, Z/17/Z, WT108082AIA, 217191, 206618/Z/17/Z, 207498, 207498/Z/17/Z)
UK Research and Innovation (MC_UU_00002/11)
Cancer Research UK (23923)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0514-10109, 207498, RP-PG-0514-20018, ACF-2017-15-004, ACF-2018-04-014, COVID-19-RECPLAS)
Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS-CSF4-Torok)
National Institutes of Health (COVID-19)
NIHR BioResource
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00002/11, MR/R015600/1, MR/R008698/1, COVID-19, MC_UP_1201/16)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/F/000PR10348, BB/P007562/1)
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM083127)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, chronic infection, viral evolution, spike protein, convalescent plasma therapy, neutralizing antibodies, antibody escape, remdesivir, immunosuppression, viral selection, viral infectivity, ultra-deep sequencing

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks