Waves and variants of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the causes and effect of the COVID-19 catastrophe
Open accessAbstract
The coronavirus disease-19 has left a permanent mark on the history of the human race. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and from there took over the world. Being highly susceptible to mutations, the virus's numerous variants started to appear, and some were more lethal and infectious than the parent. The effectiveness of the vaccine is also affected severely against the new variant. In this study, the infectious mechanism of the coronavirus is explained with a focus on different variants and their respective mutations, which play a critical role in the increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune escape of the virus. As India has already faced the second wave of the pandemic, the future outlook on the likeliness of a third wave with respect to the Indian variants such as kappa, delta, and Delta Plus is also discussed. This review article aims to reflect the catastrophe of the variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of developing even more severe variants in the near future.
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Claims the paper makes
21 of 36 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Background
Mutations in the RBD region are likely to disrupt antibody recognition.
“Mutations in the RBD region are likely to disrupt antibody recognition [53].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] Wang R, Chen J, Gao K, et al. Vaccine-escape and fast-growing mutations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, Spain, India, and other COVID-19-devastated countries. Genomics. 2021;113:2158–70. source
- Finding
The D614G form is associated with a higher population of infection-capable open spike configurations and greater chance of ACE-2 binding.
“in the G614 form, due to the relaxation of tensile hydrogen bonds, a higher population of infection capable of open configurations results in higher chances of binding events with the host receptor ACE-2, thereby increasing the overall infectivity.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Mansbach RA, Chakraborty S, Nguyen K, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 spike variant D614G favors an open conformational state. Sci Adv. 2021;7(16):eabf3671. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf3671. source
- Background
The spike protein enables viral entry into host cells through the ACE-2 receptor.
“The S gene encodes for the prominent homotrimeric, type I fusion and transmembrane glycoprotein which enables viral entry into the host target cell through the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor [5, 6].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 2 sources checked- cites [5] Tortorici MA, Veesler D. Structural insights into coronavirus entry. Adv Virus Res. 2019;105:93–116. source
The Introduction says spike promotes host attachment and membrane fusion during entry, and “Diversity of CoV receptors and entry mechanisms” identifies ACE2 as an entry receptor for SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63. The same section describes other coronaviruses using different receptors, so the source does not support ACE2 as the entry receptor for coronaviruses generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [6] Biswas S, Thakur V, Kaur P, et al. Blood clots in COVID-19 patients: Simplifying the curious mystery. Med Hypotheses. 2021;146:1371. source
- Finding
The paper says Lambda is more resistant to neutralization by convalescent sera and the Alpha variant than the parent D614G spike protein.
“The Lambda variant spike protein is found to be 3.3 times more resistant to neutralization by the convalescent sera than the parent D614G spike protein and 4.9 times to that of the Alpha variant ones.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] Harvey WT, Carabelli AM, Jackson B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19:409–24. source
The Variants of interest or concern section discusses modest reductions in neutralization of Alpha (B.1.1.7) by convalescent sera, but does not compare it with Lambda. Searches for Lambda and the claimed 3.3-fold and 4.9-fold comparisons found no passage addressing those results in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding
The Delta variant was first identified in Maharashtra, India, in October 2020 and is now found in more than 100 nations.
“The Delta (G/478 K.V1; B.1.617.2) variant, first identified in Maharashtra, India, in October 2020, is now found to be the dominant lineage detected in more than 100 nations and declared as VOC by the WHO on May 11, 2021 [74].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] Bhutta ZA, Siddiqi S, Hafeez A, et al. Beyond the numbers: understanding the diversity of covid-19 epidemiology and response in South Asia. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1544. source
The 'How robust are the data?' section identifies Delta as B.1.617.2 and links its emergence and spread to India's spring 2021 surge. It does not say Delta was first identified in Maharashtra in October 2020 or found in more than 100 nations; it also does not substantiate the citing sentence's WHO designation date. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding
The Lambda variant originated in Peru in August 2020 and was declared a VOI by WHO on June 14, 2021.
“The Lambda (GR/452Q.V1) variant originated in Peru in August 2020 [49]. Previously known as C.37 or Andean variant, this could be a new emerging threat; therefore, WHO on June 14, 2021 declared this as a VOI [50].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 2 sources checked- cites [49] Romero PE, Dávila-Barclay A, Salvatierra G, et al. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variant lambda (C.37) in South America. Microbiol Spectr. 2021. 9:e00789-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.00789-21. source
The Letter describes emergence in Peru as a hypothesis and says additional samples were being processed to confirm and date C.37’s origin. It reports the first Lima detection in December 2020, not an August 2020 origin. The WHO declaration is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence, so it is outside this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [50] Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19-29 June 2021, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---29-june-2021. Accessed 17 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
The spike protein mediates entry into host cells by binding the ACE-2 receptor.
“The S gene encodes for the prominent homotrimeric, type I fusion and transmembrane glycoprotein which enables viral entry into the host target cell through the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor [5, 6].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 2 sources checked- cites [5] Tortorici MA, Veesler D. Structural insights into coronavirus entry. Adv Virus Res. 2019;105:93–116. source
The Introduction says the spike protein promotes host attachment and membrane fusion during entry. The section “Diversity of CoV receptors and entry mechanisms” identifies ACE2 as an entry receptor for SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63, but also says other coronaviruses use different receptors. The unqualified claim that spike-mediated entry occurs through ACE2 is therefore broader than the source supports. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [6] Biswas S, Thakur V, Kaur P, et al. Blood clots in COVID-19 patients: Simplifying the curious mystery. Med Hypotheses. 2021;146:1371. source
- Background
The paper says the pandemic is being driven by a competition between vaccination and newly emerging variants.
“Yet, this pandemic has become a race between effective vaccines and the new variants.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, et al. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nat Hum Behav. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41562-021-01122-8 (Epub ahead of print 2021). source
The Discussion describes effective vaccines and asks whether their global rollout can proceed quickly enough to address the pandemic. It does not describe a race against newly emerging variants; variants appear in the title of a cited work in the References, not in the paper’s own account of the rollout. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Background
Membrane fusion is described as a key step required before viral entry into the host cell.
“The fusion of two membranes is the crucial step before the virus enters the host cell [11, 12].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Haque SM, Ashwaq O, Sarief A, et al. A comprehensive review about SARS-CoV-2. Future Virol. 2020;15:625. source
- cites [12] Moreira RA, Guzman HV, Boopathi S, et al. Characterization of structural and energetic differences between conformations of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Materials (Basel). 2020;13:1–14.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
The receptor-binding domain directly contacts ACE-2 and contributes to host-cell attachment.
“RBD contains a core structure and a variable receptor-binding motif (RBM; 437–508 a.a.) which interacts and attaches with the host cell ACE-2 receptor (Fig. 2) [7].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, et al. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20 (Epub ahead of print 17 March 202). source
The Introduction (page unavailable) states that the SARS-CoV RBD has a core and an RBM that binds ACE2, and links RBD–ACE2 affinity to initial host-cell attachment. The Results model ACE2 recognition by the 2019-nCoV RBD. The cited sentence’s specific RBM range of amino acids 437–508 is not established in the passages from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding
The Lambda variant is described as having mutations that increase infectivity and immune escape.
“The L452Q and F490S mutations reported in the RBD region have been shown to increase the viral infectivity, rendering the virus more infectious and able to escape immune response from specific monoclonal antibodies [51, 52] or disrupt the ability of vaccine-generated antibodies to recognize the variant [53].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified3 of 3 sources checked- cites [51] Deng X, Garcia-Knight MA, Khalid MM, et al. Transmission, infectivity, and neutralization of a spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variant. Cell. 2021;184:3426-3437.e8. source
The Results section (page unavailable) reports a twofold reduction in neutralization by vaccine-recipient plasma against B.1.429, supporting a limited claim about reduced vaccine-antibody activity. The study concerns a California variant with L452R, not the Lambda variant or its L452Q and F490S mutations; it does not establish that vaccine-generated antibodies cannot recognize Lambda. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [52] Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Gilchuk P, et al. Complete mapping of mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain that escape antibody recognition. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:44-57.e9. source
The Results section ('Mapping Escape from Each of 10 Human Monoclonal Antibodies'; page unavailable) reports that many mutations at site 490 confer escape from a specific monoclonal antibody. It does not identify F490S or L452Q as causing escape, or show that either mutation increases infectivity; the passages also do not describe the Lambda variant. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [53] Wang R, Chen J, Gao K, et al. Vaccine-escape and fast-growing mutations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, Spain, India, and other COVID-19-devastated countries. Genomics. 2021;113:2158–70. source
In Results (‘Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD mutations on COVID-19 vaccines’; page unavailable), Table 4 identifies F490S as a predicted vaccine-escape mutation, and the infectivity Results suggest it may lead to more infectious variants. The paper does not establish escape from vaccine-generated antibodies in vaccinated people, nor does it identify L452Q or the Lambda variant; the citing sentence presents the predicted effect more definitively than the source does. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Background
Widespread ACE-2 expression in multiple organs is described as a reason SARS-CoV-2 can infect tissues beyond the lungs.
“The widespread presence of ACE-2 receptors in different organs facilitates the extrapulmonary infection by SARS-CoV-2, causing associated complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, blood clots [6, 9], and possibly psychological and neurological problems [10].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 3 sources checked- cites [6] Biswas S, Thakur V, Kaur P, et al. Blood clots in COVID-19 patients: Simplifying the curious mystery. Med Hypotheses. 2021;146:1371. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [9] Thakur V, Ratho RK, Kumar P, et al. Multi-Organ Involvement in COVID-19: beyond pulmonary manifestations. J Clin Med. 2021;10:446. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [10] Thakur V, Jain A. COVID 2019-suicides: A global psychological pandemic. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:952. source
- Finding
The Alpha variant is described as increasing severity and death risk, with several mutations affecting binding and cleavage.
“This Alpha variant increased its severity (40–80%) through the air pathway and the associated case fatality is expected to be 55% higher with a higher death rate [60, 61].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 2 sources checked- cites [60] Horby P, Bell I, Breuer J, et al. NERVTAG: Update note on B.1.1.7 severity, 11 February 2021 - GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nervtag-update-note-on-b117-severity-11-february-2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [61] Vasireddy D, Vasireddy D, Vanaparthy R, et al. Review of COVID-19 Variants and COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy: What the Clinician Should Know? J Clin Med Res. 2021;13:317–25. source
The UK variant (B.1.1.7) section reports approximately 55% higher mortality and an increased death rate. But its 40–80% figure describes transmissibility, not severity; it links N501Y to tighter binding but does not say an Alpha mutation affects cleavage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding
The Delta variant is described as the dominant lineage in more than 100 countries and as driving the second wave in India.
“The Delta (G/478 K.V1; B.1.617.2) variant, first identified in Maharashtra, India, in October 2020, is now found to be the dominant lineage detected in more than 100 nations and declared as VOC by the WHO on May 11, 2021 [74]. Delta strain drives the second wave in India, where almost 4-lakh cases were reported per day.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] Bhutta ZA, Siddiqi S, Hafeez A, et al. Beyond the numbers: understanding the diversity of covid-19 epidemiology and response in South Asia. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1544. source
In “How robust are the data?” (page not specified), the paper relates India’s spring 2021 surge to the emergence and spread of Delta, supporting the second-wave point. It does not say Delta was the dominant lineage in more than 100 countries; the claim also states the variant’s role in India more categorically than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Background
The authors say that immune evasion can arise in chronically infected immunocompromised patients under treatment with immune plasma or monoclonal antibodies.
“The possible theories about the origin of novel variants are the evolution of circulating intermediate mutants in the chronically infected immunocompromised patients supporting high viral replication while on treatment with immune plasma or monoclonal antibodies [88, 89].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 2 sources checked- cites [88] Choi B, Choudhary MC, Regan J, et al. Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2291–3. source
The main text reports persistent infection, high viral loads, and accelerated viral evolution in one immunocompromised patient, who later received a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail. It does not report immune-plasma treatment or establish immune evasion, the origin of novel variants, or that antibody treatment drove the observed evolution. The indexed copy gives no page number. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [89] Sa K, Da C, Rp D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection. Nature. 2021;592:277–82. source
The Discussion (page not available) reports viral evolution during persistent infection in an immunocompromised patient treated with convalescent plasma, with evidence of reduced antibody susceptibility. The paper tested monoclonal antibodies in the laboratory but does not report monoclonal-antibody treatment of the patient; it also presents a single case, not an established explanation for the origin of novel variants. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding
Delta Plus variants AY.1 and AY.2 have become a new cause of global concern and may contribute to a third wave in India.
“Delta Plus variants known as AY.1 (B.1.617.2.1) and AY.2 (B.1.617.2.2) have now become a new cause of global concern.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Delta strain drives the second wave in India.
“Delta strain drives the second wave in India, where almost 4-lakh cases were reported per day.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines showed decreased neutralization against Gamma variants.
“BNT162b/2 and mRNA-1273 mRNA-based vaccines showed decreased neutralization in Gamma variants.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The Delta Plus variant has increased transmissibility, stronger binding to lung-cell receptors, and potential to reduce monoclonal antibody response.
“The Delta Plus variant has increased transmissibility, causes stronger binding to receptors of lung cells, and has the potential of reducing monoclonal antibody response.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The Beta variant was identified in South Africa in October 2020 and showed a 50% increase in transmission.
“The Beta (B.1.351; GH/501Y.V2) variant was identified in Cape province of South Africa in October 2020 with 17 critical mutations, showing a 50% increase in transmission [67].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [67] Estimates of severity and transmissibility of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 in South Africa | CMMID Repository, https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/sa-novel-variant.html. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
The Gamma variant was found responsible for reinfection in São Paulo State and for the second wave in Brazil.
“The Gamma variant was found to be responsible for the re-infection in São Paulo State and caused the second wave in Brazil [42].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR. Present variants of concern and variants of interest of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: Their significant mutations in S-glycoprotein, infectivity, re-infectivity, immune escape and vaccines activity. Rev Med Virol. 2021; p. e2270. source
- Finding
Vaccines have lower efficacy against Beta strains than against earlier variants.
“The majority of the vaccines have lower efficacy against Beta strains.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The paper argues that SARS-CoV-2 variants and their spike mutations are critical drivers of increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune escape.
“different variants and their respective mutations, which play a critical role in the increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune escape of the virus.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The paper states that current vaccines are ineffective against the new variants because no other mutations are involved in immune escape.
“The existing vaccines are ineffective against the new variants, and the reason is no other mutations are involved in immune escape.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR. Present variants of concern and variants of interest of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: Their significant mutations in S-glycoprotein, infectivity, re-infectivity, immune escape and vaccines activity. Rev Med Virol. 2021; p. e2270. source
- Finding
The Lambda variant is suspected to be more transmissible than the original virus and shows greater infectivity than Alpha and Gamma.
“This is suspected to be more transmissible than the original virus and is a matter of great concern, as this has been detected in the UK and other European countries. Studies have shown the greater infectivity of Lambda variants in comparison to Alpha and Gamma variants of the VOC category.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The virus is highly susceptible to mutations, leading to many variants that can be more lethal and infectious than the parent strain.
“Being highly susceptible to mutations, the virus's numerous variants started to appear, and some were more lethal and infectious than the parent.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The authors say the new variants may create a need to replace current vaccines quickly.
“There is no doubt that new variants evolved to have the characteristics of the immune escape, which may likely create the requirement to replace the current vaccines quickly.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The Beta variant is reported to have increased transmission and mutations that help it evade neutralizing antibodies.
“The Beta (B.1.351; GH/501Y.V2) variant was identified in Cape province of South Africa in October 2020 with 17 critical mutations, showing a 50% increase in transmission [67].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [67] Estimates of severity and transmissibility of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 in South Africa | CMMID Repository, https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/sa-novel-variant.html. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Finding
The paper says Delta Plus has increased transmissibility and stronger binding to lung-cell receptors.
“The Delta Plus variant has increased transmissibility, causes stronger binding to receptors of lung cells, and has the potential of reducing monoclonal antibody response.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The conclusion states that the new variants carry critical spike mutations that make them more transmissible, infectious, spreadable, and lethal.
“The new variants are loaded with various critical mutations in the spike protein, making them more transmissible, infective, spreadable, and lethal.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Finding
The Gamma variant is said to have caused reinfection in São Paulo State and the second wave in Brazil.
“The Gamma variant was found to be responsible for the re-infection in São Paulo State and caused the second wave in Brazil [42].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR. Present variants of concern and variants of interest of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: Their significant mutations in S-glycoprotein, infectivity, re-infectivity, immune escape and vaccines activity. Rev Med Virol. 2021; p. e2270. source
- Background
Furin preactivation and proteolysis are required for fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.
“Preactivation and proteolysis by furin are required for the fusion of viral membranes and host cell membranes.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019.
“Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent responsible for this pandemic which originated in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
The Alpha variant was first identified in the UK in November 2020.
“The Alpha variant was first identified in the UK in November 2020 from a 58-year-old male [59].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] Weekly epidemiological update - 2 February 2021, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---2-february-2021. Accessed 17 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
SARS-CoV-2 is susceptible to a high rate of mutations, which leads to the evolution of variants in a shorter period than anticipated.
“Being an RNA virus in nature, SARS-CoV-2 is susceptible to a high rate of mutations, leading to the evolution of various variants in a shorter period than anticipated.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
Variants of interest are predicted to affect transmission, reduce therapeutic efficiency and antibody neutralization, and increase disease severity.
“SARS-CoV-2 variants have specific genetic markers that have been predicted to affect virus transmission, reduce therapeutics efficiency and neutralization capacity by antibodies or immune evasion, and increase disease severity [35].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Method
INSACOG was established in India to monitor genomic variations in SARS-CoV-2.
“Govt. of India established Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) on 30th December 2020, currently working with the capacity of 28 Genome Sequencing Laboratories (GSLs) to monitor genomic variations in SARS-CoV-2 [103].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [103] Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) | Department of Biotechnology, https://dbtindia.gov.in/insacog. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
SARS-CoV-2 is presented as the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in Wuhan in late 2019 and spread worldwide.
“Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent responsible for this pandemic which originated in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Method
The paper recommends standard public-health precautions such as masks, handwashing, ventilation, distancing, and vaccination.
“Generally, precautions at the personal level include the use of masks in crowded places, regular hand washing, and better ventilation in indoor spaces.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
The paper reports that the existing vaccines are ineffective against new variants and links this to immune escape.
“The existing vaccines are ineffective against the new variants, and the reason is no other mutations are involved in immune escape.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
The authors report that SARS-CoV-2 can mutate rapidly because it is an RNA virus, which leads to many variants appearing in a short time.
“Being an RNA virus in nature, SARS-CoV-2 is susceptible to a high rate of mutations, leading to the evolution of various variants in a shorter period than anticipated.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
The Delta Plus sublineages are described as having mutations that increase attachment, immune evasion, and transmissibility.
“In addition to three mutations, E484Q, L452R, and P614R, these new sub-lineages have additional K417N mutations in the spike proteins that enhance virus attachment to the infected cells and have immune evasion properties as in the Beta variant (B.1.351 lineage).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified - Background
The paper states that variants of interest are expected to affect transmission, antibody neutralization, therapeutic efficacy, and disease severity.
“SARS-CoV-2 variants have specific genetic markers that have been predicted to affect virus transmission, reduce therapeutics efficiency and neutralization capacity by antibodies or immune evasion, and increase disease severity [35].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Method
India established INSACOG to monitor genomic variation in SARS-CoV-2 using genome-sequencing laboratories.
“To counteract the unprecedented public health challenge, Govt. of India established Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) on 30th December 2020, currently working with the capacity of 28 Genome Sequencing Laboratories (GSLs) to monitor genomic variations in SARS-CoV-2 [103].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [103] Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) | Department of Biotechnology, https://dbtindia.gov.in/insacog. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta are described as the four variants of concern responsible for later waves of the pandemic.
“There are four variants of concern, i.e. Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants distributed throughout the globe and responsible for a second and third wave of the pandemic.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] About Variants of the Virus that Causes COVID-19 | CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant.html. Accessed 10 July 2021.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Background
The paper argues that furin cleavage and preactivation are required for viral and host membrane fusion.
“Preactivation and proteolysis by furin are required for the fusion of viral membranes and host cell membranes.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Blanket vaccine-ineffectiveness claim conflicts with reported Delta efficacy
MinorThe paper says existing vaccines are ineffective against new variants, yet elsewhere reports substantial effectiveness for two vaccines against Delta.
“The existing vaccines are ineffective against the new variants”
“The Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca were 88% and 60% effective against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, 2 weeks after the second dose.”
Delta mutation count disagrees with its list
MinorThe paper states that Delta has 13 spike-protein mutations, but the accompanying list contains 14 entries.
“13 mutations are present in spike protein”
“T19R, G142D, 156del, 157del, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, D950R, P871R, T95I, A222V*, and K417N*”
VOI count disagrees with the named list
MinorThe paper refers to five variants of interest, but its named VOI list contains six.
“D614G is the only substitution mutation that is present in all the five VOI and four VOC”
“Epsilon, Eta, Iota, Kappa, Zeta, and Lambda are the variants of interest circulating throughout the world.”
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.062
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2023-12-09 (notice 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.024), not before this paper was published (2021-12-16).
Cited work 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.062 · retracted 2023-12-09 · notice 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.024 · this paper published 2021-12-16
“The widespread presence of ACE-2 receptors in different organs facilitates the extrapulmonary infection by SARS-CoV-2, causing associated complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, blood clots [6, 9], and possibly psychological and neurological problems [10].”
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“The spike protein is cleaved by host type II transmembrane serine proteases (TMPRSS2) and furin at the S1/S2 polybasic cleavage site (PRRA) having arginine residues that empower the high cleavability (S2) [16, 17].”
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“The T478K mutation is found to be more adapted and influences the virus affinity to the human cells, leading toward increased viral infectivity [78].”
BackgroundA Comprehensive Review About SARS-CoV-2
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“The fusion of two membranes is the crucial step before the virus enters the host cell [11, 12].”
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“This variant has substitutions in the spike glycoprotein at A67V, E484K, D614G, Q677H, and F888L with three deletions at 69Hdel, 70Vdel, and 144del [42].”
BackgroundInfluentialA clade of SARS-CoV-2 viruses associated with lower viral loads in patient upper airways
Lorenzo-Redondo, R., Nam, H. H., Roberts, S. C., Simons, L. M., Jennings, L. J., Qi, C., Achenbach, C. J., Hauser, A. R., Ison, M. G., Hultquist, J. F., et al. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103112 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A Unique Clade of SARS-CoV-2 Viruses is Associated with Lower Viral Loads in Patient Upper Airways
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“Studies correlated D614G mutation with higher viral load in nasopharyngeal aspirate, supporting the advantage in transmission, fitness advantage, and enhanced infectivity in COVID19 patients [25].”
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 infection and viral load are associated with the upper respiratory tract microbiome
Rosas-Salazar, C., Kimura, K. S., Shilts, M. H., Strickland, B. A., Freeman, M. H., Wessinger, B. C., Gupta, V., Brown, H. M., Rajagopala, S. V., Turner, J. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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“The widespread presence of ACE-2 receptors in different organs facilitates the extrapulmonary infection by SARS-CoV-2, causing associated complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, blood clots [6, 9], and possibly psychological and neurological problems [10].”
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“1 3 surface, and cysteine-type cathepsin protease is responsible for the intracellular compartment cleavage, which indicates the possibility of the multiple activation triggers set up by the SARS-CoV-2 to infect the cell with critical efficiency [19].”
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“The fusion of two membranes is the crucial step before the virus enters the host cell [11, 12].”
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“The monoclonal antibody (REGN10987) in the Regeneron REGN-COV2 therapy is reported to be ineffective, i.e. the Lambda variant is found to be 3.6 times more resistant to neutralization by REGN10987 [57].”
BackgroundInfluentialNeutralization Potential of Covishield Vaccinated Individuals Sera Against B.1.617.1
Yadav, P. D., Sapkal, G. N., Abraham, P., Deshpande, G., Nyayanit, D. A., Patil, D. Y., Gupta, N., Sahay, R. R., Shete, A. M., Kumar, S., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab483 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents
Patel, S. K. S., Lee, J.-K., & Kalia, V. C. (2020) · Indian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12088-020-00893-4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMutant coronavirus in the United Kingdom sets off alarms, but its importance remains unclear
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“high accumulation of immune complexes escapes mutants, and develop immune evasion facilitating the emergence of highly infective variants [90].”
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“These interactions reinforce the binding between the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE-2 of the host cell [22].”
BackgroundCovid-19: Single vaccine dose is 33% effective against variant from India, data show
Iacobucci, G. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1346 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines showed decreased neutralization [80].”
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“The cross-reactivity between the variants and the elicited neutralizing antibodies is the critical factor where high cross-reactivity results in higher chances of neutralizing a virus; otherwise, the variant can easily escape the immune system [92].”
BackgroundBeyond the numbers: understanding the diversity of covid-19 epidemiology and response in South Asia
Bhutta, Z. A., Siddiqi, S., Hafeez, A., Islam, M., Nundy, S., Qadri, F., & Sultan, F. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1544 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Molecular epidemiology of SARS CoV-2: a review of current data on genetic variability of the virus
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“Although 3 ́–5 ́ exonuclease proofreading activity slows the mutation rate, accumulating amino acid mutations alters the cell tropism, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 [33].”
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Covid-19: Delaying end of lockdown will allow more people to be vaccinated, UK government announces
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Emergence and Expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.526 Identified in New York
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- Delta variant triggers dangerous new phase in the pandemic | Science | AAAS, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/06/delta-variant-triggers-dangerous-new-phase-pandemic. Accessed 17 July 2021.
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Khandia, R., Singhal, S., Alqahtani, T., Kamal, M. A., El-Shall, N. A., Nainu, F., Desingu, P. A., & Dhama, K. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.112816 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and vulnerability at the global level
Chavda, V. P., Patel, A., & Vaghasiya, D. D. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27717 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Even monoclonal antibodies are ineffective in this case and are expected to lose some efficiency in the Delta form.(40,89)”
BackgroundNutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds
Agarwal, A., Rizwana, Tripathi, A. D., Kumar, T., Sharma, K. P., & Patel, S. K. S. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12071413 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationOmicron (B.1.1.529) variant of SARS‐CoV‐2: Concerns, challenges, and recent updates
Mohapatra, R. K., Tiwari, R., Sarangi, A. K., Islam, M. R., Chakraborty, C., & Dhama, K. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27633 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Mutational cascade of SARS-CoV-2 leading to evolution and emergence of omicron variant
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Endotheliopathy in Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID
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Global impact of delta plus variant and vaccination
Chavda, V., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2022) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2044800 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“the modified version of the delta variant which has brought a devastating second COVID-19 wave in India and it has been declared as a ‘variant of concern (VOC)’ by the World Health Organization [5,6].”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderstanding Mutations in Human SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis
Kumar, R., Srivastava, Y., Muthuramalingam, P., Singh, S. K., Verma, G., Tiwari, S., Tandel, N., Beura, S. K., Panigrahi, A. R., Maji, S., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15040856 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“1 lineage and are similar to the Delta variants [84].”
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“Coronaviruses remain a future threat to humans and the environment [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAhiakpa, J. K., Cosmas, N. T., Anyiam, F. E., Enalume, K. O., Lawan, I., Gabriel, I. B., Oforka, C. L., Dahir, H. G., Salisu, T. F., Nwobodo, M. A., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268230 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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SARS-CoV-2 variants: Impact on biological and clinical outcome
Mahilkar, S., Agrawal, S. R., Chaudhary, S., Parikh, S., Sonkar, S. C., Verma, D. K., Chitalia, V., Mehta, D., Koner, B. C., Vijay, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.995960 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Kar, J., Ramrao, D. P., Zomuansangi, R., Lalbiaktluangi, C., Singh, S. M., Joshi, N. C., Kumar, A., Kaushalendra, K., Mehta, S., Yadav, M. K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034471 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“These new variants have critical mutations which increase their transmissibility, infectivity, contagiousness as well as their lethality, which further necessitates the need for novel antivirals (Thakur et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEstimation of the basic reproduction number of Alpha and Delta variants of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran
Sheikhi, F., Yousefian, N., Tehranipoor, P., & Kowsari, Z. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265489 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It is reported that one dose of COVID-19 vaccine does not provide adequate resistance against Delta variant [8].”
BackgroundHospitalization burden and epidemiology of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain (2020–2021)
Carretero, R. G., Gómez, O. V., Gil-Prieto, R., & de Miguel, Á. G. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08454-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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“These mutations have a higher impact on the pace of transmission and the immunological escape mechanism (Tao et al., 2021; Thakur et al., 2021).”
Hajek, A., & König, H. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265544 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“While individuals can protect themselves via the vaccination against Covid-19 (for an overview regarding the efficacy of different approved vaccines, please see [13]), they can also protect others by reducing the likelihood of transmission (community protection [10]).”
BackgroundAli, A. M., Tofiq, A. M., Rostam, H. M., Ali, K. M., & Tawfeeq, H. M. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.28098 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Baindara, P., Dinata, R., Mandal, S. M., & Schrum, A. G. (2022) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.3390/idr14020029 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Largely, much of the analysis of major sequence alterations between different variants has emphasized SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein [11], where the receptor binding domain (RBD) and amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) are particularly relevant to infectivity [7].”
BackgroundBsoul, E. A., & Loomer, P. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264323 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bhola, S., Trisal, J., Thakur, V., Kaur, P., Kulshrestha, S., Bhatia, S. K., & Kumar, P. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-05875-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapeutic Approaches in Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Updates
Kumar, L., Kumar, S., Sandeep, K., & Patel, S. K. S. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061611 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Furthermore, global perspectives have been significantly altered in the current pandemic toward therapeutic strategies for sustainable approaches to maintain good health and the economy [30,31].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGlobal COVID-19 vaccination challenges: Inequity of access and vaccine hesitancy
Dagovetz, M., Momchilov, K., Blank, L., Khorsandi, J., Rizzo, A., Khabbache, H., Sitibondo, A., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Chirico, F., & Batra, K. (2025) · Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.glmedi.2025.100197 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pandemic responsiveness: Evidence from social distancing and lockdown policy during COVID-19
Besley, T. J., & Dray, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267611 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Laine, L. M., Skön, M., Väisänen, E., Julkunen, I., & Österlund, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016108 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mushebenge, A. G.-A., Ugbaja, S. C., Mbatha, N. A., Khan, R. B., & Kumalo, H. M. (2023) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid3090100 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Śliż, D., Wiecha, S., Gąsior, J. S., Kasiak, P. S., Ulaszewska, K., Postula, M. A., Małek, Ł. A., & Mamcarz, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14245381 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Aksenova, A. Y., Likhachev, I. V., Grishin, S. Y., & Galzitskaya, O. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232113502 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“include Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron and are characterized by different transmissivity and/or pathogenicity, have caused consequent SARS-CoV-2 waves in the human population across the world [3].”
BackgroundForecasting dominance of SARS-CoV-2 lineages by anomaly detection using deep AutoEncoders
Rancati, S., Nicora, G., Prosperi, M., Bellazzi, R., Salemi, M., & Marini, S. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae535 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, as hundreds, if not thousands, of SARS-CoV-2 (sub)lineages continue to emerge, it is unfeasible to conduct experimental risk assessments or predict which ones will gain dominance in any area of the world, a practical limit as to how often vaccine composition changes need to be…”
BackgroundMachado, R. R. G., Walker, J. L., Scharton, D., Rafael, G. H., Mitchell, B. M., Reyna, R. A., de Souza, W. M., Liu, J., Walker, D. H., Plante, J. A., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40033-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Virulence Profiles of Wild-Type, P.1 and Delta SARS-CoV-2 Variants in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice
Santos, Y. D. S., Gamón, T. H., de Azevedo, M. D., Telezynski, B. L., de Souza, E. E., de Oliveira, D. B. D., Dombrowski, J., Rosa-Fernandes, L., Palmisano, G., Carvalho, L. J. D. M., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15040999 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chrysostomou, A. C., Vrancken, B., Haralambous, C., Alexandrou, M., Aristokleous, A., Christodoulou, C., Gregoriou, I., Ioannides, M., Kalakouta, O., Karagiannis, C., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010108 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The L452R and T478K S protein RBD mutations are reported to improve transmission and confer immune evasion [73,99,100].”
BackgroundSharma, P., Kumari, R., Yadav, M. K., et al. (2022) · Indian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12088-022-01018-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Temesgan, W. Z., Aklil, M. B., Yacob, H. S., Mekonnen, E. T., Tegegne, E. T., Tesfa, E. B., Melese, E., & Seyoum, T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264237 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kalyoncu, S., Yılmaz, S., Kuyucu, A. Z., Sayili, D., Mert, O., Soytürk, H., Gullu, S., Akinturk, H., Çıtak, E., Arslan, M., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32021-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“Although first generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been highly effective at preventing severe disease, including from VoC, the humoral immunity induced by vaccination and natural infection is overwhelmingly dependent on a neutralizing antibody response targeted to the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) gly…”
BackgroundInfluentialAl-Hindawi, A., AlDallal, U., Waly, Y. M., Hussain, M., Shelig, M., ElMitwalli, O. S., Deen, G. R., & Henari, F. Z. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12203550 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Hence, adequate containment of the virus’s new variants depends heavily upon advancements of accurate, rapid, yet affordable means of diagnosis, especially in developing countries [16].”
BackgroundPlant-Derived Natural Compounds as an Emerging Antiviral in Combating COVID-19
Singh, M., Lo, S.-H., Dubey, R., et al. (2023) · Indian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12088-023-01121-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a review
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“The Delta variant did not cause another wave of COVID-19 in Sweden, although it has been shown to be more transmissible and cause more severe diseases than the Alpha variant (Thakur et al., 2022).”
Impacts of COVID-19 on family violence in Thailand: prevalence and influencing factors
Napa, W., Neelapaichit, N., Kongsakon, R., Chotivitayataragorn, S., & Udomsubpayakul, U. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02440-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Because of mutations of the coronavirus, COVID-19 outbreaks have occurred in multiple waves [2].”
BackgroundKlivleyeva, N. G., Lukmanova, G. V., Глебова, Т. И., Шаменова, М. Г., Ongarbayeva, N. S., Saktaganov, N. T., Baimukhametova, A. M., Baiseiit, S. B., Ismagulova, D., Kassymova, G., et al. (2023) · Indian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12088-023-01064-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Alghamdi, F. A., Owen, R., Ashton, R. E. M., Obotiba, A. D., Meertens, R. M., Hyde, E., Faghy, M. A., KNAPP, K. M., Rogers, P., & Strain, W. D. (2022) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2022.08.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chan, F. H. M., Ataíde, R., Richards, J. S., & Narh, C. A. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14071434 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“VOCs including the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants, associated with the GRY, GH, GR, and G/GK clades, respectively, were responsible for large waves of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 cases in most parts of the world in 2021 [56,57].”
BackgroundIdentification of Kukoamine A, Zeaxanthin, and Clexane as New Furin Inhibitors
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“5 million deaths globally [24], and the demonstrated capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to generate new variants keeps health organizations on alert since different mutations from these variants can affect vaccine efficacy [25].”
BackgroundBivalent mRNA vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Kumari, M., Su, S.-C., Liang, K.-H., Lin, H.-T., Lu, Y.-F., Chen, K.-C., Wy, C., & Wu, H. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-023-00936-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“Because of the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants linked to successive waves of the COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved at a rapid rate since its initial characterization [2].”
BackgroundBronchiectasis and COVID-19 infection: a two-way street
Oscullo, G., Gómez-Olivas, J. D., Beauperthuy, T., Bekki, A., García‐Ortega, A., Matera, M. G., Cazzola, M., & Martínez‐García, M. Á. (2022) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000002447 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The new variants have led to multiple waves of COVID-19 around the world, each of them with different characteristics as regards the variant’s virulence and power of transmission, the country’s vaccination rate, the clinical severity, and the characteristics of affected individuals (with the first waves bringing highe…”
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“The wide range of the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 has revealed the need for the development of novel precise and early prediction models that could provide more conclusive information than those that are given by the basic epidemiological and laboratory data [4–7].”
The Impact of COVID-19 on Health and Well-Being: Foreign Medical Students in Eastern Europe
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The immunological impact of revaccination in a hybrid-immune world
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“Despite not presenting alarmingly high mutation ratios, during the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 experienced different sequence variations, which resulted in changes on its transmissibility, severity, and immune escape [20,41].”
BackgroundSilva, J. P., de Lima, A. D., Alvim, L., Malta, F., Mendonça, C. P., de Carvalho, A. H. B., Rios, J. S. H., Fonseca, P., Queiroz, D. C., Santos, L. C. G. D. A. E., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15041017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“While VOIs, VUMs, and FMVs have unclear impacts on human health [9], the VOCs are associated with immune escape and have the potential for higher transmissibility and virulence [10,11].”
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“Hence, unique variant panels can be very useful to detect variants with no ambiguity when there are multiple variants in the community; the same is true for mixed infections (55).”
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“Although COVID-19 vaccination has proven useful in reducing the risk of SARSCoV-2 infection, severe clinical outcomes, and mortality of COVID-19, the efficacy of which is limited due to the high mutation frequency of SARS-CoV-2 (Aydogdu et al., 2022; Thakur et al., 2022).”
BackgroundThe Differentiation and Maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Follicular Helper T Cells
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“The emerging incompetent immune protection from vaccination or immunological memory of convalescent individuals is more associated with the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants (Thakur et al., 2022; Woldemeskel et al., 2022).”
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“In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in Wave‑2 and Wave‑3 [Table 3].”
BackgroundInfluentialCarretero, R. G., Gómez, O. V., Ordoñez-Garcia, M., Garrido-Peño, N., Gil-Prieto, R., & de Miguel, Á. G. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15071616 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Antiviral drugs, including remdesivir, target the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.”
BackgroundInfluentialLenguiya, L. H., Fritz, M., de Fonclare, D. D. R., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15040933 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 S Mutations: A Lesson from the Viral World to Understand How Human Furin Works
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“This time period was selected as it represented a time when most countries had recovered from the initial “wave” of the COVID-19 pandemic, but several countries experienced second or third “waves (Thakur et al., 2021; El-Shabasy et al., 2022).”
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Genomic evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: COVID-19 pandemic waves in India
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“During the first wave of pandemic population the age group of 35.1±15.9 were majorly affected (Dhar et al., 2021; Thakur et al., 2022).”
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“The evolving pandemic, although ignored in some areas, is allowing the rise of more infectious and virulent SARS-CoV-2 variants that are increasingly able to evade the human immune system and that are decreasingly responsive to therapies including vaccines and antivirals [41].”
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“The culprit of the second wave was a delta strain (B.1.617.2) that was z 2.5 times more transmissible than the strain of the fi rst wave [9,10].”
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“One study concluded that some older participants lacked technological skills that may be necessary for optimal online PA participation, whereas others lacked the financial capacity to fully engage with online PA resources [25].”
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Regional geographies and public health lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arctic
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“An insightful review reflected on the evolutionary origins underlying the increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune escape of the Omicron mutations, reinforcing the notion that the emergence of highly infective new variants may be driven by adaptive evolution through the development of increasingly diverse a…”
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Southern Europe Managing the First Phase of the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Crucial Effect of Timing
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Singapore's COVID‐19 Genomic Surveillance Programme: Strategies and Insights From a Pandemic Year
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Post COVID-19 era: Re-emergence of known and future (X) viral pathogens
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Self-citationA mouse xenograft long‐term replication yields a SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta mutant with increased lethality
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“The introduction of novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2, namely (VoCs), are creating successive phases of COVID-19 epidemics over the world, potentially inflicting substantial morbidity and death due to a huge rise in cases (Thakur et al., 2022).”
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“Furthermore, since its emergence, SARS-CoV2 hasn't stopped mutating [2].”
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BackgroundScoping Review of Triage Modifications to Emergency Medical Care in Hospitals Post-COVID-19
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“…case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coro-navirus 2 [1]—the SARS-CoV-2 virus that resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic [2] over a series of waves and variants [3]—an assessment showed that intensive care clinicians were often uncertain regarding the meaning of triage in disaster situations [4].”
- Authors
- Thakur, V., Bhola, S., Thakur, P., Patel, S. K. S., Kulshrestha, S., Ratho, R. K., & Kumar, P.
- Affiliations
- Government Medical College (IN)
- Shoolini University (IN)
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Konkuk University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Ratho, Radha Kanta
- Kumar, Pradeep
- ORCID
- Venue
- Infection
- Published
- 2021-12-16
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 309-325
- ISSN
- 0300-8126 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0973
- PMC
- PMC8675301
- OpenAlex
- W4200591468
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 70
- FWCI
- 11.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2022-01-14)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Infection (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, viral variants, Omicron variant, Delta variant, Kappa variant, viral mutations, immune evasion
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Humans, Mutation, Pandemics
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