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An aged immune system drives senescence and ageing of solid organs
Open accessAbstract
Ageing of the immune system, or immunosenescence, contributes to the morbidity and mortality of the elderly 1,2. To define the contribution of immune system ageing to organism ageing, here we selectively deleted Ercc1, which encodes a crucial DNA repair protein 3,4, in mouse haematopoietic cells to increase the burden of endogenous DNA damage and thereby senescence 5-7 in the immune system only. We show that Vav-iCre+/-;Ercc1-/fl mice were healthy into adulthood, then displayed premature onset of immunosenescence characterized by attrition and senescence of specific immune cell populations and impaired immune function, similar to changes that occur during ageing in wild-type mice 8-10. Notably, non-lymphoid organs also showed increased senescence and damage, which suggests that senescent, aged immune cells can promote systemic ageing. The transplantation of splenocytes from Vav-iCre+/-;Ercc1-/fl or aged wild-type mice into young mice induced senescence in trans, whereas the transplantation of young immune cells attenuated senescence. The treatment of Vav-iCre+/-;Ercc1-/fl mice with rapamycin reduced markers of senescence in immune cells and improved immune function 11,12. These data demonstrate that an aged, senescent immune system has a causal role in driving systemic ageing and therefore represents a key therapeutic target to extend healthy ageing.
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“Once senescent cell burden surpasses this threshold, continuing increases in proapoptotic/pro-inflammatory senescent cell burden may contribute to tissue destruction and hence development or progression of multiple diseases and age-related disorders (Table 2) as well as immune dysregulation, further amplifying senescent cell accumulation in a feed-forward loop36,38,62.”
From Cellular senescence and senolytics: the path to the clinic (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“The senescent cell fate can be triggered by a number of stressors including DNA damage, cancerous mutations or oncogene activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive metabolites, hyperoxia or hypoxia, proteotoxic stress, extracellular signals, infections, mechanical or shear stresses that deform cells, resistance exercise and factors secreted by other senescent cells18,38–47.”
From Cellular senescence and senolytics: the path to the clinic (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“Mouse models of rapid telomere shortening, dysfunctional mitosis or impaired DNA repair (Terc, BubR1, and Ercc1 mutant mice, respectively), display high levels of cellular senescence and accelerated aging86,99,100.”
From Guidelines for minimal information on cellular senescence experimentation in vivo (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“CD3+ T cells isolated from the blood of aged mice and of mice deficient in ERCC1, which is a crucial DNA repair protein, exhibit increased levels of multiple senescent markers, including Ccl2, Tnf, Il1b, Inhba, Spp1, Cdkn2a and Cdkn1a (refs. 85,86).”
From SenNet recommendations for detecting senescent cells in different tissues (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“As a result of the effects of cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and immunosenescence, the pathological aging of organs increases the level of inflammation and makes repair difficult, ultimately leading to diseases.10”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
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“In aging tissues, molecular and cellular changes disrupt spatial organization, resulting in uneven functional decline.”
From Spatial transcriptomic landscape unveils immunoglobin-associated senescence as a hallmark of aging (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“These and other models, for which it has been shown that accelerated aging depends, at least partly, on cellular senescence, are valuable for studying the impact of senescence on health and lifespan”
From Guidelines for minimal information on cellular senescence experimentation in vivo (2024) · cites this paper as [99]
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In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the functionally weakened immune system in old age44 does not clear senescent cells, which may account for their persistence in damaged aged muscle; this exacerbates tissue regenerative impairment.”
From Senescence atlas reveals an aged-like inflamed niche that blunts muscle regeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
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“Premature aging of the immune system has been shown to drive aging of multiple other organ systems in mice 81.”
From Targeting the biology of aging with mTOR inhibitors (2023) · cites this paper as [81]
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In the citing paper
“Notably, clearing senescent cells in peripheral tissues may also positively impact the brain55.”
From Senolytic therapy in mild Alzheimer's disease: a phase 1 feasibility trial (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“suggesting that a senescent immune system contributes to aging phenotypic features in immune cells and in solid, nonlymphoid tissues.”
From Connecting aging biology and inflammation in the omics era (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Deletion of ERCC1, a crucial DNA repair protein, in mouse hematopoietic cells leads to accelerated senescence of the immune system.”
From Connecting aging biology and inflammation in the omics era (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, mice lacking ERCC1 in hematopoietic cells, as well as aged mice, express elevated markers of senescence (p16, p21) in many immune cells with concomitant impairment of immune function.”
From Connecting aging biology and inflammation in the omics era (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Strikingly, transfer of splenocytes from aged wild-type mice or mice lacking ERCC1 into young animals increased the senescence burden in nonlymphoid organs, suggesting that a senescent immune system contributes to aging phenotypic features in immune cells and in solid, nonlymphoid tissues.”
From Connecting aging biology and inflammation in the omics era (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Notably, the selective induction of immune cell ageing increases the levels of the ageing markers p16 and p21 in multiple organs, including the brain,328 thereby highlighting the crucial roles played by the immune system in the process of ageing.”
From Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances (2025) · cites this paper as [328]
In the citing paper
“Immunosenescence is characterized by dysfunctions in monocyte and neutrophil phagocytosis, decreased numbers of naive T cells, increased numbers of memory T cells,327 and increased SASP secretion by these cells,327,328 thereby weakening the immune response to foreign antigens.”
From Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances (2025) · cites this paper as [328]
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“In addition, aging of the immune systems is responsible for disorders of immune functions that can eliminate senescent cells, resulting in acquiring tissue damages (Yousefzadeh et al. 2021).”
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Rapamycin not dietary restriction improves resilience against pathogens: a meta-analysis
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“A human brain organoid MPS platform was developed using 3D printing to study the dynamics of immune-driven brain aging (Ao et al., 2022; Figure 2a), motivated by the fact that senescent immune cells can cause a systemic aging phenotype (Yousefzadeh, Flores, et al., 2021).”
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Does senescence play a role in age-related macular degeneration?
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“However, the relationship between T cell senescence and CKD progression remains unclear, although immune senescence has been suggested to promote systemic and kidney aging and decline in renal function in mice [17, 18, 23, 24].”
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“12 • Calorie restriction .”
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“…transfer of young immune cells into a mouse model of accelerated senescence and aging, however, led to a decrease in the number of senescent cells in different tissues, indicating that young immune cells are capable of removing senescent cells that develop as a result of aging and disease [67].”
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“Studies have reported that aged immune cells drive senescence and aging of solid organs (Yousefzadeh et al., 2021 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntegrin-linked kinase control dental pulp stem cell senescence via the mTOR signaling pathway
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“However, when spleen cells from normal young mice were transplanted into gene knockout mice, the aging process was found to slow (Yousefzadeh et al., 2021).”
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“The impact of environmental and host factors such as pollution and aging (immuno-senescence) have also attracted attention to study how these factors affect human immunity [8,9].”
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“Three key drivers accelerate immune cell senescence: failing mitochondrial energy production, erosion of protective chromosome ends (telomeres), and repeated immune activation over time (8).”
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“Transplanting young immune cells into excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (Ercc1) knockout mice, which selectively increases the burden of endogenous DNA damage and induces aging primarily in the immune system, alleviates the aging process in ERCC1 defective mice [136].”
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The Regulation of Cellular Senescence in Cancer
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“Furthermore, the initiation of secondary senescence responses by senescent immune cells has been demonstrated to cause widespread dissemination of senescence in organisms 38 .”
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“The investigators established a mouse model of premature immune failure from deletion of Ercc1 in hematopoietic stem cells and observed that along with aging of the immune system, nonlymphoid organs also showed increased aging and injury, whereas transplantation of immune cells from young mice blocked organ aging [47].”
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“The aging of the immune system itself and the formation of peripheral tolerance under prolonged and increasing stimulation by senescence-associated antigens may play a central role in such processes (45, 89, 115 – 117).”
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“For example, in a murine model of immune system senescence, the mice exhibited generalized senescence, and transplantation of their immune cells into wild-type animals accelerated senescence, shortening the lifespan of the recipient mice [3].”
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“Research has shown that immunosenescence directly leads to the aging of solid organs (Yousefzadeh et al., 2021), making the reversal of immunosenescence crucial for extending the lifespan of elderly individuals and reducing the incidence of age-related diseases.”
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Crosstalk between Lipid Rafts and Aging: New Frontiers for Delaying Aging
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“Notably, a study published in Nature has indicated that immunosenescence drives the aging of other organs, ultimately promoting organism aging [35].”
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Self-citationTransitioning from native to synthetic receptors: broadening T-cell engineering and beyond
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Luo, L., Lechuga‐Vieco, A. V., Sattentau, C., Borsa, M., & Simon, A. K. (2025) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/s44319-025-00536-z · Cited by 14
“Emerging evidence suggests that an aged immune system contributes to cellular senescence and the ageing of solid organs (Yousefzadeh et al, 2021; López-Otín et al, 2023).”
Excessive apoptosis of Rip1‐deficient T cells leads to premature aging
Wang, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Lu, K., Li, M., Li, X., Ou, Y., Zhao, X., Wu, X., Wu, X., et al. (2023) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202357925 · Cited by 14
“Thus, the immune system, particularly T cells, seems to play a vital role in healthy aging (Yousefzadeh et al , 2021; Han et al , 2023).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Yousefzadeh, M. J., Flores, R. R., Zhu, Y., Schmiechen, Z. C., Brooks, R. W., Trussoni, C. E., Cui, Y., Angelini, L., Lee, K.-A., McGowan, S. J., Burrack, A. L., Wang, D., Dong, Q., Lu, A., Sano, T., O’Kelly, R. D., McGuckian, C. A., Kato, J. I., Bank, M. P., Wade, E. A., Pillai, S. P. S., Klug, J., Ladiges, W. C., Burd, C. E., Lewis, S. E., LaRusso, N. F., Vo, N. V., Wang, Y., Kelley, E. E., Huard, J., Stromnes, I. M., Robbins, P. D., & Niedernhofer, L. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- West Virginia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robbins, Paul D.
- Niedernhofer, Laura J.
- ORCID
- Yousefzadeh, Matthew J.
- Flores, Rafael R.
- Zhu, Yi
- Schmiechen, Zoe C.
- Trussoni, Christy E.
- Cui, Yuxiang
- Lee, Kyoo-A
- McGowan, Sara J.
- Burrack, Adam L.
- Wang, Dong
- Dong, Qing
- Lu, Aiping
- Sano, Tokio
- Pillai, Smitha P. S.
- Ladiges, Warren C.
- Burd, Christin E.
- Lewis, Sara E.
- LaRusso, Nicholas F.
- Vo, Nam V.
- Wang, Yinsheng
- Huard, Johnny
- Stromnes, Ingunn M.
- Robbins, Paul D.
- Niedernhofer, Laura J.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2021-05-12
- Volume
- 594
- Issue
- 7861
- Pages
- 100-105
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC8684299
- OpenAlex
- W3161778279
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 219 · 2024: 219 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 41
- FWCI
- 91.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG043376, R01AG059711, R01AG067193, R01AG044376, R56AG059676, R56AG058543, T32AG029796, U19AG056278, P01AG062413, R01AG063543)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA249393, R01CA255039)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK084567)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- immunosenescence, cellular senescence, ERCC1, DNA repair, endogenous DNA damage, hematopoietic cells, rapamycin, senolytics, healthy aging
- MeSH terms
- Immunosenescence, Healthy Aging, Aging, Animals, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, DNA-Binding Proteins, Endonucleases, Female, Homeostasis, Immune System, Male, Organ Specificity, Rejuvenation, Spleen, Sirolimus, Mice
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