The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical in controlling disease, but there is concern that waning immunity may predispose to reinfection. We analyzed the magnitude and phenotype of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response in 100 donors at 6 months following infection. T cell responses were present by ELISPOT and/or intracellular cytokine staining analysis in all donors and characterized by predominant CD4+ T cell responses with strong interleukin (IL)-2 cytokine expression. Median T cell responses were 50% higher in donors who had experienced a symptomatic infection, indicating that the severity of primary infection establishes a 'set point' for cellular immunity. T cell responses to spike and nucleoprotein/membrane proteins were correlated with peak antibody levels. Furthermore, higher levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were associated with preservation of nucleoprotein-specific antibody level although no such correlation was observed in relation to spike-specific responses. In conclusion, our data are reassuring that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are retained at 6 months following infection.
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“Cellular responses to infection seem to be generally more stable3,8,10 (Fig. 1) but their role in immune protection is not yet clear”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Using HLA class I and II predicted peptide “megapools,” circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were identified in COVID-19 acute, mild and convalescent patients [110, 118-125].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [124]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“documented examples of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection as well as evidence of short-lived immunity to endemic human coronavirus (hCoV) infections raise the prospect that protective immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection may last for months instead of years.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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Cites
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SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls
Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan, N., Linster, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z · Cited by 1,887
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“IFN-g responses are broadly equivalent to IL2 at early time points after infection (24) but the profile at 6 months suggests that the relative proportion of Th1 effector cells decreases over time or they revert to central memory state (25).”
A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans
Amanat, F., Stadlbauer, D., Strohmeier, S., Nguyen, T. H. O., Chromikova, V., McMahon, M., Jiang, K., Arunkumar, G. A., Jurczyszak, D., Polanco, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5 · Cited by 1,769
T-cell quality in memory and protection: implications for vaccine design
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Viral Load Dynamics and Clinical Disease Severity in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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Cited by
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Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656
“SARS-CoV-2 T cell memory at 6 months has also now been reported in another study (63).”
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860
The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2
Moss, P. A. H. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01122-w · Cited by 1,243
Self-citationAge-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2
Collier, D. A., Ferreira, I. A. T. M., Kotagiri, P., Datir, R. P., Lim, E. Y., Touizer, E., Meng, B., Abdullahi, A., The CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration, Principal Investigators, et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03739-1 · Cited by 751
Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Methot, N., Yu, E. D., Zhang, Y., Dan, J. M., Goodwin, B., Rubiro, P., Sutherland, A., Wang, E., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100355 · Cited by 706
Metadata
- Authors
- Zuo, J., Dowell, A. C., Pearce, H., Verma, K., Long, H. M., Begum, J., Aiano, F., Amin-Chowdhury, Z., Hoschler, K., Brooks, T., Taylor, S., Hewson, J., Hallis, B., Stapley, L., Borrow, R., Linley, E., Ahmad, S., Parker, B., Horsley, A., Amirthalingam, G., Brown, K., Ramsay, M. E., Ladhani, S., & Moss, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Manchester Royal Infirmary (GB)
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ladhani, Shamez
- Moss, Paul
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Immunology
- Published
- 2021-03-05
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 620-626
- ISSN
- 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2916
- PMC
- PMC7610739
- OpenAlex
- W3134099704
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 137
- FWCI
- 27.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-05-20)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/R011230/1)
- Bloodwise (17009)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, T cell immunity, CD4+ T cells, waning immunity, reinfection, interleukin-2, spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, membrane proteins, antibody kinetics, symptomatic infection, set point
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral, Antigens, Viral, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Interleukin-2, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Time Factors, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Young Adult
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