Cited by 392SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesT-cell and B-cell Immunology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection

Open access

Zuo, Jianmin, Dowell, Alexander C., Pearce, Hayden, Verma, Kriti, Long, Heather M., Begum, Jusnara, Aiano, Felicity, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Hoschler, Katja, Brooks, Tim, Taylor, Stephen, Hewson, Jacqueline, Hallis, Bassam, Stapley, Lorrain, Borrow, Ray, Linley, Ezra, Ahmad, Shazaad, Parker, Ben, Horsley, Alex, Amirthalingam, Gayatri, Brown, Kevin, Ramsay, Mary E., Ladhani, Shamez, Moss, Paul·2021·Nature Immunology

DOI 10.1038/s41590-021-00902-8PMC PMC7610739

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical in controlling disease, but there is concern that waning immunity may predispose to reinfection. We analyzed the magnitude and phenotype of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response in 100 donors at 6 months following infection. T cell responses were present by ELISPOT and/or intracellular cytokine staining analysis in all donors and characterized by predominant CD4+ T cell responses with strong interleukin (IL)-2 cytokine expression. Median T cell responses were 50% higher in donors who had experienced a symptomatic infection, indicating that the severity of primary infection establishes a 'set point' for cellular immunity. T cell responses to spike and nucleoprotein/membrane proteins were correlated with peak antibody levels. Furthermore, higher levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were associated with preservation of nucleoprotein-specific antibody level although no such correlation was observed in relation to spike-specific responses. In conclusion, our data are reassuring that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are retained at 6 months following infection.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41590-021-00902-8

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884
Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals
Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595
Central Memory and Effector Memory T Cell Subsets: Function, Generation, and Maintenance
Sallusto, F., Geginat, J., & Lanzavecchia, A. (2004) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702 · Cited by 3,067
Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections
Long, Q.-X., Tang, X.-J., Shi, Q.-L., Li, Q., Deng, H.-J., Yuan, J., Hu, J.-L., Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Lv, F.-J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0965-6 · Cited by 2,686
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls
Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan, N., Linster, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z · Cited by 1,887
Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity
Rydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 · Cited by 1,790 · cited 2×
“IFN-g responses are broadly equivalent to IL2 at early time points after infection (24) but the profile at 6 months suggests that the relative proportion of Th1 effector cells decreases over time or they revert to central memory state (25).”
A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans
Amanat, F., Stadlbauer, D., Strohmeier, S., Nguyen, T. H. O., Chromikova, V., McMahon, M., Jiang, K., Arunkumar, G. A., Jurczyszak, D., Polanco, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5 · Cited by 1,769
T-cell quality in memory and protection: implications for vaccine design
Seder, R. A., Darrah, P. A., & Roederer, M. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2274 · Cited by 1,565
Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications
Mathew, D., Giles, J. R., Baxter, A. E., Oldridge, D. A., Greenplate, A. R., Wu, J. E., Alanio, C., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., D’Andrea, K., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc8511 · Cited by 1,509
Viral Load Dynamics and Clinical Disease Severity in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Zheng, S., Fan, J., Yu, F., Feng, B., Lou, B., Zou, Q., Xie, G., Lin, S., Wang, R., Yang, X., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1443 · Cited by 1,479

Show all 39 references

Sorted by citations

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4063 · Cited by 2,656
“SARS-CoV-2 T cell memory at 6 months has also now been reported in another study (63).”
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860
The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2
Moss, P. A. H. (2022) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01122-w · Cited by 1,243
Self-citation
Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2
Collier, D. A., Ferreira, I. A. T. M., Kotagiri, P., Datir, R. P., Lim, E. Y., Touizer, E., Meng, B., Abdullahi, A., The CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration, Principal Investigators, et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03739-1 · Cited by 751
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals
Tarke, A., Sidney, J., Methot, N., Yu, E. D., Zhang, Y., Dan, J. M., Goodwin, B., Rubiro, P., Sutherland, A., Wang, E., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100355 · Cited by 706
SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R variant evades cellular immunity and increases infectivity
Motozono, C., Toyoda, M., Zahradnik, J., Saito, A., Nasser, H., Tan, T. S., Ngare, I., Kimura, I., Uriu, K., Kosugi, Y., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.006 · Cited by 586
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Abrignani, S., Addo, R., Akdis, M., Andrä, I., Andreata, F., Annunziato, F., Arranz, E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202170126 · Cited by 531
Phase 1 randomized trial of a plant-derived virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19
Ward, B. J., Gobeil, P., Séguin, A., Atkins, J., Boulay, I., Charbonneau, P.-Y., Couture, M., D’Aoust, M., Dhaliwall, J. K., Finkle, C. D., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01370-1 · Cited by 371
T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review
Shrotri, M., van Schalkwyk, M. C., Post, N., Eddy, D., Huntley, C., Leeman, D., Rigby, S., Williams, S. V., Bermingham, W. H., Kellam, P., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245532 · Cited by 352
Self-citation
Highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Le Bert, N., Clapham, H. E., Tan, A. T., Chia, W. N., Tham, C. Y. L., Lim, J. M., Kunasegaran, K., Tan, L. W. L., Dutertre, C.-A., Shankar, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20202617 · Cited by 330
Low-dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable memory enhanced by cross-reactive T cells
(2021) · doi:10.1126/science.abj9853 · Cited by 327
Correlates of protection against SARS ‐ CoV ‐2 infection and COVID‐19 disease
Goldblatt, D., Alter, G., Crotty, S., & Plotkin, S. A. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13091 · Cited by 301
Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositive Antibody Test With Risk of Future Infection
Harvey, R. A., Rassen, J. A., Kabelac, C. A., Turenne, W. M., Leonard, S., Klesh, R., Meyer, W. A., Kaufman, H. W., Anderson, S., Cohen, O. J., et al. (2021) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0366 · Cited by 267
Immunological memory to SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection and COVID ‐19 vaccines
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13089 · Cited by 270
Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection
Cromer, D., Juno, J. A., Khoury, D., Reynaldi, A., Wheatley, A. K., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00550-x · Cited by 265
The germinal centre B cell response to SARS-CoV-2
Laidlaw, B. J., & Ellebedy, A. H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00657-1 · Cited by 268
BNT162b2 vaccination induces durable SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells with a stem cell memory phenotype
Guerrera, G., Picozza, M., D’Orso, S., Placido, R., Pirronello, M., Verdiani, A., Termine, A., Fabrizio, C., Giannessi, F., Sambucci, M., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl5344 · Cited by 230
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10 months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells
Jung, J. H., Rha, M., Sa, M., Choi, H. K., Jeon, J. H., Seok, H., Park, D. W., Park, S., Jeong, H. W., Choi, W. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24377-1 · Cited by 233
Quantifying asymptomatic infection and transmission of COVID-19 in New York City using observed cases, serology, and testing capacity
Subramanian, R., He, Q., & Pascual, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2019716118 · Cited by 228
SARS-CoV-2 infection generates tissue-localized immunological memory in humans
Poon, M. M. L., Rybkina, K., Kato, Y., Kubota, M., Matsumoto, R., Bloom, N. I., Zhang, Z., Hastie, K. M., Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9105 · Cited by 220
Prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2 following the first peak of infection in England: Serial cross-sectional studies of 365,000 adults
Ward, H., Cooke, G., Atchison, C. J., Whitaker, M. D., Elliott, J., Moshe, M., Brown, J. C., Flower, B., Daunt, A., Ainslie, K. E. C., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100098 · Cited by 198
Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19
Rha, M., & Shin, E. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4 · Cited by 201
Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Dowell, A. C., Butler, M., Jinks, E., Tut, G., Lancaster, T., Sylla, P., Begum, J., Bruton, R. K., Pearce, H., Verma, K., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01089-8 · Cited by 197
Self-citation
Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B and T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 patients 6–8 months after the infection
Sherina, N., Piralla, A., Du, L., Wan, H., Kumagai‐Braesch, M., Andréll, J., Braesch‐Andersen, S., Cassaniti, I., Percivalle, E., Sarasini, A., et al. (2021) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2021.02.001 · Cited by 192
T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2
Sette, A., Sidney, J., & Crotty, S. (2023) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-061120 · Cited by 191
Psychological and Behavioral Predictors of Vaccine Efficacy: Considerations for COVID-19
Madison, A. A., Shrout, M. R., Renna, M. E., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621989243 · Cited by 187
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in infection and vaccination
Bertoletti, A., Le Bert, N., Qui, M., & Tan, A. T. (2021) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00743-3 · Cited by 159
SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and Their Impact on Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Vaccines
Thakur, S., Sasi, S., Pillai, S. G., Nag, A., Shukla, D., Singhal, R., Phalke, S., & Velu, G. S. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.815389 · Cited by 167
T cell and antibody kinetics delineate SARS-CoV-2 peptides mediating long-term immune responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals
Bilich, T., Nelde, A., Heitmann, J. S., Maringer, Y., Roerden, M., Bauer, J., Rieth, J., Wacker, M., Peter, A., Hörber, S., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abf7517 · Cited by 150
COVID ‐19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options
van Eijk, L. E., Binkhorst, M., Bourgonje, A. R., Offringa, A. K., Mulder, D. J., Bos, E. M., Kolundžić, N., Abdulle, A. E., van der Voort, P. H. J., Rikkert, M. G. M. O., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5642 · Cited by 156
Signature of long-lived memory CD8+ T cells in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection
Adamo, S., Michler, J., Zurbuchen, Y., Cervia, C., Taeschler, P., Raeber, M. E., Sain, S. B., Nilsson, J., Moor, A. E., & Boyman, O. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04280-x · Cited by 146
Antinucleocapsid Antibodies After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Blinded Phase of the Randomized, Placebo-Controlled mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Clinical Trial
Follmann, D. A., Janes, H., Buhule, O. D., Zhou, H., Girard, B., Marks, K., Kotloff, K. L., Desjardins, M., Corey, L., Neuzil, K. M., et al. (2022) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m22-1300 · Cited by 127
Efforts at COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Challenges and Successes
Haque, A., & Pant, A. B. (2020) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines8040739 · Cited by 141
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to eight months after infectionPreprint
Dan, J., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K., Yu, E., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383323 · Cited by 147
Count on us: T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Kedzierska, K., & Thomas, P. G. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100562 · Cited by 124
How to detect and reduce potential sources of biases in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Accorsi, E. K., Qiu, X., Rumpler, É., Kennedy‐Shaffer, L., Kahn, R. J., Joshi, K., Goldstein, E., Stensrud, M. J., Niehus, R., Çevik, M., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00727-7 · Cited by 128
Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and BNT162b2 vaccinated serum
Bates, T. A., Leier, H. C., Lyski, Z. L., McBride, S. K., Coulter, F. J., Weinstein, J. B., Goodman, J. R., Lu, Z., Siegel, S. A. R., Sullivan, P. D., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25479-6 · Cited by 115
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the changing landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic
Bertoletti, A., Bert, N. L., & Tan, A. T. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.008 · Cited by 118
A comprehensive review on COVID-19 vaccines: development, effectiveness, adverse effects, distribution and challenges
Rahman, M. M., Masum, M. H. U., Wajed, S., & Talukder, A. (2022) · VirusDisease · doi:10.1007/s13337-022-00755-1 · Cited by 116
Immune mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathology and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)
Mohandas, S., Jagannathan, P., Henrich, T. J., Sherif, Z. A., Bime, C., Quinlan, E. B., Portman, M. A., Gennaro, M. L., Rehman, J., & RECOVER Mechanistic Pathways Task Force (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.86014 · Cited by 120
Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to eight months after infection.
Dan, J. M., Mateus, J., Kato, Y., Hastie, K. M., Yu, E. D., Faliti, C. E., Grifoni, A., Ramirez, S. I., Haupt, S., Frazier, A., et al. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 121
Characterization of humoral and SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in people living with HIV
Alrubayyi, A., Gea‐Mallorquí, E., Touizer, E., Hameiri‐Bowen, D., Kopycinski, J. T., Charlton, B. G., Fisher-Pearson, N., Muir, L., Rosa, A., Roustan, C., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26137-7 · Cited by 107
Distinctive features of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells predict recovery from severe COVID-19
Neidleman, J. A., Luo, X., George, A. F., McGregor, M. M., Yang, J., Yun, C., Murray, V., Gill, G., Greene, W. C., Vasquez, J., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109414 · Cited by 97
Durability of Vaccine-Induced and Natural Immunity Against COVID-19: A Narrative Review
Pooley, N., Karim, S. S. A., Combadière, B., Ooi, E. E., Harris, R. C., Guerche‐Séblain, C. E., Kisomi, M., & Shaikh, N. (2023) · Infectious Diseases and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-022-00753-2 · Cited by 95
Impaired function and delayed regeneration of dendritic cells in COVID-19
Winheim, E., Rinke, L., Lutz, K., Reischer, A., Leutbecher, A., Wolfram, L., Rausch, L., Kranich, J., Wratil, P. R., Huber, J. E., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009742 · Cited by 89
BNT162b2 vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants in systemic lupus erythematosus
Moyon, Q., Sterlin, D., Miyara, M., Anna, F., Mathian, A., Lhote, R., Ghillani‐Dalbin, P., Breillat, P., Mudumba, S., de Alba, S., et al. (2021) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221097 · Cited by 83
T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Niessl, J., Sekine, T., & Buggert, M. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101505 · Cited by 77
Longitudinal analysis of T cell receptor repertoires reveals shared patterns of antigen-specific response to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Gittelman, R. M., Lavezzo, E., Snyder, T. M., Zahid, H. J., Carty, C. L., Elyanow, R., Dalai, S. C., Kirsch, I. R., Baldo, L., Manuto, L., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.151849 · Cited by 78
Preliminary Evaluation of QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 and QIAreach Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Test in Recently Vaccinated Individuals
Jaganathan, S., Stieber, F., Rao, S. N., Nikolayevskyy, V., Manissero, D., Allen, N. P. C., Boyle, J., & Howard, J. (2021) · Infectious Diseases and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40121-021-00521-8 · Cited by 74
The T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2: kinetic and quantitative aspects and the case for their protective role
Bertoletti, A., Tan, A. T., & Bert, N. L. (2021) · Oxford Open Immunology · doi:10.1093/oxfimm/iqab006 · Cited by 69
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Poland—Multifactorial Impact Trajectories
Sowa, P., Kiszkiel, Ł., Laskowski, P. P., Alimowski, M., Szczerbiński, Ł., Paniczko, M., Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. M., & Kamiński, K. A. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9080876 · Cited by 70
Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID
Böhmwald, K., Diethelm‐Varela, B., Rodríguez‐Guilarte, L., Rivera, T., Riedel, C. A., González, P. A., & Kalergis, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341600 · Cited by 80
Serological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Six-month trends and antibody response in a cohort of public health workers
Harris, R., Whitaker, H., Andrews, N. J., Aiano, F., Amin‐Chowdhury, Z., Flood, J. S., Borrow, R., Linley, E., Ahmad, S. S. Y., Stapley, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.015 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous and homologous inactivated and adenoviral-vectored COVID-19 vaccine regimens in healthy adults: a prospective cohort study
Wanlapakorn, N., Suntronwong, N., Phowatthanasathian, H., Yorsaeng, R., Vichaiwattana, P., Thongmee, T., Auphimai, C., Srimuan, D., Thatsanatorn, T., Assawakosri, S., et al. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2029111 · Cited by 69
One-Year Sustained Cellular and Humoral Immunities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Convalescents
Zhang, J., Lin, H., Ye, B., Zhao, M. J., Zhan, J., Dong, S., Guo, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, M., Liu, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab884 · Cited by 69
Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective
Almendro-Vázquez, P., Laguna‐Goya, R., & Paz‐Artal, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803 · Cited by 67
Risk of Reinfection After Seroconversion to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Population-based Propensity-score Matched Cohort Study
Leidi, A., Koegler, F., Dumont, R., Dubos, R., Zaballa, M.-E., Piumatti, G., Coen, M., Berner, A., Farhoumand, P. D., Vetter, P., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab495 · Cited by 62
Long-term Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children and Adults After Mild Infection
Chiara, C. D., Cantarutti, A., Costenaro, P., Donà, D., Bonfante, F., Cosma, C., Ferrarese, M., Cozzani, S., Petrara, M. R., Carmona, F., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.21616 · Cited by 65
Hallmarks of immune response in COVID-19: Exploring dysregulation and exhaustion
Mazzoni, A., Salvati, L., Maggi, L., Annunziato, F., & Cosmi, L. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101508 · Cited by 69
Durability of Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses
Siggins, M. K., Thwaites, R. S., & Openshaw, P. (2021) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.03.016 · Cited by 61
Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunity after natural infection or BNT162b2 vaccination
Almendro-Vázquez, P., Laguna‐Goya, R., Ruiz‐Ruigómez, M., Utrero‐Rico, A., Lalueza, A., de la Calle, G. M., Delgado, P., Ordoño, L. P., Muro, E., Vila, J. J., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010211 · Cited by 60
T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination
Wang, L., Nicols, A. R., Turtle, L. C. W., Richter, A. G., Duncan, C. J. A., Dunachie, S. J., Klenerman, P., & Payne, R. (2023) · BMJ Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468 · Cited by 66
The potential clinical utility of measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific T-cell responses
Goletti, D., Petrone, L., Manissero, D., Bertoletti, A., Rao, S. N., Ndunda, N., Sette, A., & Nikolayevskyy, V. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.005 · Cited by 68
Inactivated whole-virion vaccine BBV152/Covaxin elicits robust cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern
Vikkurthi, R., Ansari, A., Pai, A. R., Jha, S. N., Sachan, S., Pandit, S., Nikam, B., Kalia, A., Jit, B. P., Parray, H. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01161-5 · Cited by 61
Covid-19 vaccines: delivering protective immunity
Sewell, H. F., Agius, R. M., Kendrick, D., & Stewart, M. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4838 · Cited by 57
Risk assessment of COVID-19 epidemic resurgence in relation to SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccination passes
Krueger, T., Gogolewski, K., Bodych, M., Gambin, A., Giordano, G., Cuschieri, S., Czypionka, T., Perc, M., Petelos, E., Rosińska, M., et al. (2022) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00084-w · Cited by 56
Relative Burdens of the COVID-19, Malaria, Tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa
Bell, D., & Hansen, K. S. (2021) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-0899 · Cited by 53
The way of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development: success and challenges
Dong, Y., Dai, T., Wang, B., Zhang, L., Zeng, L., Huang, J., Yan, H., Zhang, L., & Zhou, F. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00796-w · Cited by 53
A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
Mohammed, R. N., Tamjidifar, R., Rahman, H. S., Adili, A., Ghoreishizadeh, S., Saeedi, H., Thangavelu, L. P., Shomali, N., Aslaminabad, R., Marofi, F., et al. (2022) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-022-00856-w · Cited by 53
A meta-analysis of the associations between insufficient sleep duration and antibody response to vaccination
Spiegel, K., Rey, A. E., Cheylus, A., Ayling, K., Benedict, C., Lange, T., Prather, A. A., Taylor, D. J., Irwin, M. R., & Cauter, E. V. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.017 · Cited by 57
SARS-CoV-2–specific B- and T-cell immunity in a population-based study of young Swedish adults
Björkander, S., Du, L., Zuo, F., Ekström, S., Wang, Y., Wan, H., Sherina, N., Schoutens, L., Andréll, J., Andersson, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.014 · Cited by 49
T cell receptor sequencing identifies prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and correlates with neutralizing antibodies and disease severity
Elyanow, R., Snyder, T. M., Dalai, S. C., Gittelman, R. M., Boonyaratanakornkit, J. B., Wald, A., Selke, S., Wener, M. H., Morishima, C., Greninger, A. L., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.150070 · Cited by 46
Clinical Validation of a Novel T-Cell Receptor Sequencing Assay for Identification of Recent or Prior Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
Dalai, S. C., Dines, J. N., Snyder, T. M., Gittelman, R., Newman-Eerkes, T., Vaney, P., Howard, S., Akers, K., Skewis, L. R., Monteforte, A. J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac353 · Cited by 49
Profile of humoral and cellular immune responses to single doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in residents and staff within residential care homes (VIVALDI): an observational study
Tut, G., Lancaster, T., Krutikov, M., Sylla, P., Bone, D., Kaur, N., Spalkova, E., Bentley, C., Amin, U., Jadir, A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00168-9 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
The Robustness of Cellular Immunity Determines the Fate of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Moga, E., Lynton‐Pons, E., & Domingo, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.904686 · Cited by 48
Recruitment of highly cytotoxic CD8+ T cell receptors in mild SARS-CoV-2 infection
Wagner, K. I., Mateyka, L. M., Jarosch, S., Grass, V., Weber, S., Schober, K., Hammel, M., Burrell, T., Kalali, B. N., Poppert, H., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110214 · Cited by 47
Decline in neutralising antibody responses, but sustained T‐cell immunity, in COVID‐19 patients at 7 months post‐infection
Chen, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Lin, Y., Liu, D., Xun, J., Wang, Z., Gu, L., Li, Q., Yin, D., et al. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1319 · Cited by 44
COVID-19: systemic pathology and its implications for therapy
Shen, Q., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Guo, S., Wang, Q., An, X., & Chang, H. (2021) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.65911 · Cited by 51
COVID ‐19 and plasma cells: Is there long‐lived protection?*
Nguyen, D. C., Lamothe, P. A., Woodruff, M. C., Saini, A. S., Faliti, C. E., Sanz, I., & Lee, F. E.-H. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13115 · Cited by 48
T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19
Govender, M., Hopkins, F. R., Göransson, R., Svanberg, C., Shankar, E. M., Hjorth, M., Nilsdotter‐Augustinsson, Å., Sjöwall, J., Nyström, S. N., & Larsson, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.931039 · Cited by 43
Antibiotic resistance during and beyond COVID-19
Livermore, D. M. (2021) · JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlab052 · Cited by 45
Structural assessment of HLA-A2-restricted SARS-CoV-2 spike epitopes recognized by public and private T-cell receptors
Wu, D., Kolesnikov, A. V., Yin, R. M., Guest, J. D., Gowthaman, R., Shmelev, A., Serdyuk, Y. V., Dianov, D. V., Efimov, G. A., Pierce, B. G., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27669-8 · Cited by 45
SARS-CoV-2—The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review
Diani, S., Leonardi, E. A., Cavezzi, A., Ferrari, S., Iacono, O., Limoli, A., Bouslenko, Z., Natalini, D., Conti, S., Mantovani, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216272 · Cited by 44
Interferon-λ treatment accelerates SARS-CoV-2 clearance despite age-related delays in the induction of T cell immunity
Santer, D. M., Li, D., Ghosheh, Y., Zahoor, M. A., Prajapati, D., Hansen, B. E., Tyrrell, D. L., Feld, J. J., & Gehring, A. J. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34709-4 · Cited by 44
SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in solid‐organ transplant recipients: What the clinician needs to know
Giannella, M., Pierrotti, L. C., Helanterä, I., & Manuel, O. (2021) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/tri.14029 · Cited by 43
A systematic review of COVID-19 transport policies and mitigation strategies around the globe
Calderón, F., Cazorla, P., & Avila-Ordóñez, E. (2022) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2022.100653 · Cited by 46
Peculiarities of the T Cell Immune Response in COVID-19
Kudlay, D. A., Кофиади, И. А., & Khaitov, M. R. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10020242 · Cited by 43
Immune memory in convalescent patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19
Long, Q., Jia, Y., Wang, X., Deng, H., Cao, X., Yuan, J., Fang, L., Cheng, X.-R., Luo, C., He, A.-R., et al. (2021) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-021-00250-9 · Cited by 41
Vaccine-induced humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 dramatically declined but cellular immunity possibly remained at 6 months post BNT162b2 vaccination
Kato, H., Miyakawa, K., Ohtake, N., Yamaoka, Y., Yajima, S., Yamazaki, E., Shimada, T., Goto, A., Nakajima, H., & Ryo, A. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.057 · Cited by 41
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 exposure history on the T cell and IgG response
Keeton, R., Tincho, M. B., Suzuki, A., Benede, N., Ngomti, A., Baguma, R., Chauke, M. V., Mennen, M., Skelem, S., Adriaanse, M., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100898 · Cited by 37
Safety and immunogenicity of an AS03-adjuvanted plant-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Adults with and without Comorbidities
Charland, N., Gobeil, P., Pillet, S., Boulay, I., Séguin, A., Makarkov, A. I., Heizer, G., Bhutada, K., Mahmood, A., Trépanier, S., et al. (2022) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-022-00561-2 · Cited by 73
Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Phadke, V. K., Scanlon, N., Jordan, S. C., & Rouphael, N. (2021) · Current Transplantation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40472-021-00322-5 · Cited by 38
Divergent trajectories of antiviral memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection
Tomić, A., Skelly, D., Ogbe, A., O’Connor, D., Pace, M. J., Adland, E., Alexander, F., Ali, M., Allott, K., Ansari, M. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28898-1 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
A Single Vaccine Protects against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus in Mice
Cao, K., Wang, X., Peng, H., Ding, L., Wang, X., Hu, Y., Dong, L., Yang, T., Hong, X., Xing, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01578-21 · Cited by 37
Mechanistic Insights Into the Immune Pathophysiology of COVID-19; An In-Depth Review
Shafqat, A., Shafqat, S., Alsalameh, S., Kashir, J., AlKattan, K. M., & Yaqinuddin, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.835104 · Cited by 37
TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells dominate the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response in COVID-19 outpatients and are associated with durable antibodies
van der Ploeg, K., Kirosingh, A. S., Mori, D. A., Chakraborty, S., Hu, Z., Sievers, B. L., Jacobson, K. B., Bonilla, H. F., Parsonnet, J., Andrews, J. R., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100640 · Cited by 36
Recovering or Persisting: The Immunopathological Features of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children
Buonsenso, D., Valentini, P., Rose, C. D., Tredicine, M., Boza, M. D. C. P., Camponeschi, C., Morello, R., Zampino, G., Brooks, A. E. S., Rende, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154363 · Cited by 36
Rapid GMP-Compliant Expansion of SARS-CoV-2–Specific T Cells From Convalescent Donors for Use as an Allogeneic Cell Therapy for COVID-19
Cooper, R. S., Fraser, A. R., Smith, L. M., Burgoyne, P., Imlach, S. N., JARVIS, L. M., Turner, D. M., Zahra, S., Turner, M. L., & Campbell, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.598402 · Cited by 33
SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T cell responses one year after COVID-19 and the booster effect of vaccination: A prospective cohort study
Mak, W. A., Koeleman, J. G. M., van der Vliet, M., Keuren, F., & Ong, D. S. Y. (2021) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.12.003 · Cited by 37
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–Specific T Cells and Antibodies in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Protection: A Prospective Study
Molodtsov, I. A., Kegeles, E., Mitin, A. N., Mityaeva, O. N., Musatova, O. E., Panova, A. E., Pashenkov, M. V., Peshkova, I. O., Alsalloum, A., Asaad, W., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac278 · Cited by 33

Authors: Zuo, J., Dowell, A. C., Pearce, H., Verma, K., Long, H. M., Begum, J., Aiano, F., Amin-Chowdhury, Z., Hoschler, K., Brooks, T., Taylor, S., Hewson, J., Hallis, B., Stapley, L., Borrow, R., Linley, E., Ahmad, S., Parker, B., Horsley, A., Amirthalingam, G., Brown, K., Ramsay, M. E., Ladhani, S., & Moss, P.
Affiliations: University of Birmingham (GB)
Manchester Royal Infirmary (GB)
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
University of Manchester (GB)
St George's, University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Ladhani, Shamez
Moss, Paul
ORCID: Zuo, Jianmin
Dowell, Alexander C.
Pearce, Hayden
Verma, Kriti
Long, Heather M.
Begum, Jusnara
Aiano, Felicity
Brooks, Tim
Taylor, Stephen
Hewson, Jacqueline
Hallis, Bassam
Borrow, Ray
Linley, Ezra
Ahmad, Shazaad
Parker, Ben
Horsley, Alex
Amirthalingam, Gayatri
Brown, Kevin
Ramsay, Mary E.
Ladhani, Shamez
Moss, Paul
Venue: Nature Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-03-05
Volume: 22
Issue: 5
Pages: 620-626
ISSN: 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
1529-2916
DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00902-8
PMC: PMC7610739
OpenAlex: W3134099704
Cited by: 392
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 137
FWCI: 27.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2021-05-20)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/R011230/1)
Bloodwise (17009)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, T cell immunity, CD4+ T cells, waning immunity, reinfection, interleukin-2, spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, membrane proteins, antibody kinetics, symptomatic infection, set point
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral, Antigens, Viral, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Interleukin-2, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Time Factors, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks