Benefits, harms and cost-effectiveness of cervical screening, triage and treatment strategies for women in the general population
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Abstract
In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a strategy to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. To support the strategy, the WHO published updated cervical screening guidelines in 2021. To inform this update, we used an established modeling platform, Policy1-Cervix , to evaluate the impact of seven primary screening scenarios across 78 low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) for the general population of women. Assuming 70% coverage, we found that primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening approaches were the most effective and cost-effective, reducing cervical cancer age-standardized mortality rates by 63–67% when offered every 5 years. Strategies involving triaging women before treatment (with 16/18 genotyping, cytology, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or colposcopy) had close-to-similar effectiveness to HPV screening without triage and fewer pre-cancer treatments. Screening with VIA or cytology every 3 years was less effective and less cost-effective than HPV screening every 5 years. Furthermore, VIA generated more than double the number of pre-cancer treatments compared to HPV. In conclusion, primary HPV screening is the most effective, cost-effective and efficient cervical screening option in LMICs. These findings have directly informed WHO’s updated cervical screening guidelines for the general population of women, which recommend primary HPV screening in a screen-and-treat or screen-triage-and-treat approach, starting from age 30 years with screening every 5 years or 10 years.
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HPV-based cervical screening every 5 years is more accurate and cost-effective than 3 yearly VIA screening and decreases both incidence and mortality due to cervical cancer.
“HPV-based cervical screening every 5 years is more accurate and cost-effective than 3 yearly VIA screening and decreases both incidence and mortality due to cervical cancer.6 7”
HPV-based screening is more effective than VIA screening.
“This trial is an implementation research trial that accepts a priori, on the basis of existing local and international evidence, that HPV-based screening is more effective than VIA screening6”
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- Authors
- Simms, K. T., Keane, A., Nguyen, D. T. N., Caruana, M., Hall, M. T., Lui, G., Gauvreau, C., Demke, O., Arbyn, M., Basu, P., Wentzensen, N., Lauby-Secretan, B., Ilbawi, A., Hutubessy, R., Almonte, M., De Sanjosé, S., Kelly, H., Dalal, S., Eckert, L. O., Santesso, N., Broutet, N., & Canfell, K.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (US)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Simms, Kate T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2023-12
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3050-3058
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC10719104
- OpenAlex
- W4389617045
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 20.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Keywords
- cervical cancer screening, HPV testing, cervical cancer elimination, cost-effectiveness, triage, visual inspection with acetic acid, colposcopy, cytology, low- and lower-middle-income countries, cervical cancer mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Cervix Uteri, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Humans, Triage, Papillomavirus Infections, Early Detection of Cancer
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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