Mapping the effectiveness and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists

Xie, Yan; Choi, Taeyoung; Al-Aly, Ziyad

doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03412-w

Cited by 300Diabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchPharmacology and Obesity Treatment

Mapping the effectiveness and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists

Xie, Yan, Choi, Taeyoung, Al-Aly, Ziyad·2025·Nature Medicine

DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-03412-w

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Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are increasingly being used to treat diabetes and obesity. However, their effectiveness and risks have not yet been systematically evaluated in a comprehensive set of possible health outcomes. Here, we used the US Department of Veterans Affairs databases to build a cohort of people with diabetes who initiated GLP-1RA (n = 215,970) and compared them to those who initiated sulfonylureas (n = 159,465), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors (n = 117,989) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (n = 258,614), a control group composed of an equal proportion of individuals initiating sulfonylureas, DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 536,068), and a control group of 1,203,097 individuals who continued use of non-GLP-1RA antihyperglycemics (usual care). We used a discovery approach to systematically map an atlas of the associations of GLP-1RA use versus each comparator with 175 health outcomes. Compared to usual care, GLP-1RA use was associated with a reduced risk of substance use and psychotic disorders, seizures, neurocognitive disorders (including Alzheimer's disease and dementia), coagulation disorders, cardiometabolic disorders, infectious illnesses and several respiratory conditions. There was an increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders, hypotension, syncope, arthritic disorders, nephrolithiasis, interstitial nephritis and drug-induced pancreatitis associated with GLP-1RA use compared to usual care. The results provide insights into the benefits and risks of GLP-1RAs and may be useful for informing clinical care and guiding research agendas.

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GLP-1 RA medications improve health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
“Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) medications improve health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).”
From Differences in GLP-1 RA medication adherence across place-based variables in patients with diabetes living in Wisconsin (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
The safety profile of GLP1-RAs is generally favorable, with predictable gastrointestinal adverse effects that often wane over time but may lead to discontinuation of treatment in some patients.
“The safety profile of GLP1-RAs is generally favorable with predictable gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects that often wane over time but, in some, may lead to discontinuation of treatment.”
From The societal implications of using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [16]

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Giorgi, R. D., Koychev, I. G., Adler, A., Cowen, P. J., Harmer, C. J., Harrison, P. J., & Taquet, M. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102726 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Automated data-adaptive analytics for electronic healthcare data to study causal treatment effects
Schneeweiß, S. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s166545 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Testing the effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide on cocaine self-administration and subjective responses in humans with cocaine use disorder
Angarita, G. A., Matuskey, D., Pittman, B., Costeines, J. L., Potenza, M. N., Jastreboff, A. M., Schmidt, H. D., & Malison, R. T. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108614 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Association of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Foer, D., Strasser, Z. H., Cui, J., Cahill, K. N., Boyce, J. A., Murphy, S. N., & Karlson, E. W. (2023) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202303-0491oc · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Association of Semaglutide With Tobacco Use Disorder in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Target Trial Emulation Using Real-World Data
Wang, W., Volkow, N. D., Berger, N. A., Davis, P. B., Kaelber, D. C., & Xu, R. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m23-2718 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The blood pressure lowering effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a mini-review of the potential mechanisms
Ribeiro-Silva, J. C., Tavares, C. A. M., & Girardi, A. C. C. (2023) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2023.102355 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Respiratory Effects of Treatment with a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist in Patients Suffering from Obesity and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Dogan, A. D. A., Hilberg, O., Hess, S., Jensen, T. T., Bladbjerg, E.-M., & Juhl, C. B. (2022) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s350133 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Nirmatrelvir and risk of hospital admission or death in adults with covid-19: emulation of a randomized target trial using electronic health records
Xie, Y., Bowe, B. C., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-073312 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tirzepatide Reduces 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adults With Body Mass Index ≥27 kg/m <sup>2</sup> : SURMOUNT-1 Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Substudy
de Lemos, J. A., Linetzky, B., le Roux, C. W., Laffin, L. J., Vongpatanasin, W., Fan, L., Hemmingway, A., Ahmad, N. N., Bunck, M. C., & Stefanski, A. (2024) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22022 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Molnupiravir and risk of hospital admission or death in adults with covid-19: emulation of a randomized target trial using electronic health records
Xie, Y., Bowe, B. C., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072705 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Wang, W., Mei, A., Qian, H., Li, D., Xu, H., Chen, J., Yang, H., Min, X., Li, C., Li, C., et al. (2023) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s393323 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
GLP-1 Analog Liraglutide Improves Vascular Function in Polymicrobial Sepsis by Reduction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Helmstädter, J., Keppeler, K., Aust, F., Küster, L., Frenis, K., Filippou, K. V., Vujačić-Mirski, K., Tsohataridis, S., Kalinovic, S., Kröller‐Schön, S., et al. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081175 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Effect of Semaglutide on Mortality and COVID-19–Related Deaths
Scirica, B. M., Lincoff, A. M., Lingvay, I., Bogdanski, P., Buscemi, S., Colhoun, H., Craciun, A.-E., Ezhov, M., Hardt-Lindberg, S., Kleist Jeppesen, O., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Comparative Effectiveness of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors vs Sulfonylureas in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Xie, Y., Bowe, B. C., Gibson, A. K., McGill, J. B., Maddukuri, G. S., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2021) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2488 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
GLP-1 Receptor: A New Target for Sepsis
Yang, F., Zeng, F., Luo, X., Lei, Y., Li, J., Lu, S., Huang, X., Lan, Y., & Liu, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.706908 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
GLP-1 Medication Use for Type 2 Diabetes Has Soared
Hegland, T. A., Fang, Z., & Bucher, K. (2024) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.18219 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Antipsychotic-like effect of GLP-1 agonist liraglutide but not DPP-IV inhibitor sitagliptin in mouse model for psychosis
Dixit, T. S., Sharma, A. N., Lucot, J. B., & Elased, K. M. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Clinical Implications of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Dip Following Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitor Initiation on Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes
Xie, Y., Bowe, B. C., Gibson, A. K., McGill, J. B., Maddukuri, G. S., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.020237 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Weight Change and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: The Tromsø Study
Horvei, L. D., Brækkan, S. K., & Hansen, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168878 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The relationship between the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and the incidence of respiratory illness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Yu, M., Wang, R., Pei, L., Zhang, X., Wei, J., Wen, Y., Liu, H., Ye, H., Wang, J., & Wang, L. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01118-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues in epilepsy and associated comorbidities
Manavi, M. A. (2022) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2022.102250 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Comparative Effectiveness of the Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Versus Other Antihyperglycemics on Risk of Major Adverse Kidney Events
Xie, Y., Bowe, B. C., Gibson, A. K., McGill, J. B., Yan, Y., Maddukuri, G. S., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-1231 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Native, Intact Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Is a Natural Suppressor of Thrombus Growth Under Physiological Flow Conditions
Sternkopf, M., Nagy, M., Baaten, C. C. F. M. J., Kuijpers, M. J. E., Tullemans, B. M. E., Wirth, J., Theelen, W., Mastenbroek, T. G., Lehrke, M., Winnerling, B., et al. (2020) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.119.313645 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Could GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Like Semaglutide Treat Addiction, Alzheimer Disease, and Other Conditions?
Rubin, R. C. (2024) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2024.1017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in microglia exerts protective effects against sepsis-induced encephalopathy via attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated inflammation and apoptosis in a mouse model of sepsis
Yi, H., Duan, Y., Song, R., Zhou, Y., Cui, Y., Liu, C., Mao, Z., Hu, J., & Zhou, F. (2023) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114348 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue Liraglutide Reduces Seizures Susceptibility, Cognition Dysfunction and Neuronal Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome
Liu, S., Jin, Z., Zhang, Y., Rong, S., He, W., Sun, K., Wan, D., Huo, J., Xiao, L., Li, X., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00136 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Activation on a Pentylenetetrazole—Kindling Rat Model
Hussein, A. M., Eldosoky, M., El‐Shafey, M., El‐Mesery, M., Abbas, K. M., Ali, A. N., Helal, G. M., & Abulseoud, O. A. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9050108 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Potential Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Analogues in Dementia Targeting Impaired Insulin Secretion and Neurodegeneration
Mehan, S., Bhalla, S., Siddiqui, E. M., Sharma, N., Shandilya, A., & Khan, A. (2022) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s247153 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Potential Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Psychiatric Disorders: A Paradigm Shift in Mental Health Treatment
Gunturu, S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241246744 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Activation and Platelet Function: Beyond Glycemic Control
Jia, G., Aroor, A. R., & Sowers, J. R. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi16-0014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia with GLP-1RAs: an overview of their therapeutic potential
Flintoff, J. M., Kesby, J. P., Siskind, D. J., & Burne, T. H. J. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1080/13543784.2021.1951702 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Evoke and evoke+: design of two large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies evaluating the neuroprotective effects of semaglutide in early Alzheimer’s disease.
Atri, A., Feldman, H. H., Hansen, C. T., Honore, J. B., Johannsen, P., Knop, F. K., Poulsen, P., Raket, L. L., Sano, M., Soininen, H., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.062415 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Feasibility of Exenatide, a GLP-1R Agonist, for Treating Cocaine Use Disorder: A Case Series Study
Yammine, L., Balderas, J. C., Weaver, M. F., & Schmitz, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001147 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Emerging Evidence for the Use of Antidiabetic Drugs, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists, for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Colin, I. M., Szczepanski, L. W., Gérard, A.-C., & Elosegi, J. A. (2023) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2023.19.1.16 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of Exenatide on Coagulation and Platelet Aggregation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Zhang, Y., Chen, R., Jia, Y., Chen, M., & Shuai, Z. (2021) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s312347 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cardiovascular and hemodynamic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1
Goodwill, A. G., Mather, K. J., Conteh, A. M., Sassoon, D., Noblet, J. N., & Tune, J. D. (2014) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-014-9290-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
What is the evidence regarding the safety of new obesity pharmacotherapies
Vidal, J., Flores, L., Jiménez, A., Pané, A., & de Hollanda, A. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01488-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cold-Water Immersion: Neurohormesis and Possible Implications for Clinical Neurosciences
López-Ojeda, W., & Hurley, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20240053 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Obesity drugs have another superpower: taming inflammation
Lenharo, M. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00118-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Vagus Nerve and the Brain-Gut Axis: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders
López-Ojeda, W., & Hurley, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20240118 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Why do obesity drugs seem to treat so many other ailments?
Lenharo, M. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-03074-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

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GLP-1-based therapies for diabetes, obesity and beyond
Drucker, D. J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-025-01183-8 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
World Health Organization Guideline on the Use and Indications of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Therapies for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults
Celletti, F., Farrar, J., & De Regil, L. (2026) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.24288 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Cancer Risk in Adults With Obesity
Dai, H., Li, Y., Lee, Y. A., Lu, Y., George, T. J., Donahoo, W. T., Lee, K. P., Nakshatri, H., Allen, J. M., Guo, Y. M., et al. (2025) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.2681 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Effects and Tolerability of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Galli, M., Benenati, S., Laudani, C., Simeone, B., Sarto, G., Ortega‐Paz, L., Rocco, E., Bernardi, M., Spadafora, L., D’Amario, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.08.027 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Rosen, C. J., & Ingelfinger, J. R. (2026) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2500106 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The expanding landscape of GLP-1 medicines
Drucker, D. J. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04124-5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Krüger, N., Schneeweiß, S., Fuse, K., Matseyko, S., Sreedhara, S. K., Hahn, G., Schunkert, H., & Wang, S. V. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.14092 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Weight Reduction with GLP-1 Agonists and Paths for Discontinuation While Maintaining Weight Loss
Reiss, A. B., Gulkarov, S., Lau, R., Klek, S. P., Srivastava, A., Renna, H. A., & De Leon, J. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15030408 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Brain control of energy homeostasis: implications for anti-obesity pharmacotherapy
Johansen, V. B. I., Petersen, J., Lund, J., Mathiesen, C. V., Fenselau, H., & Clemmensen, C. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Osteoarthritis as a systemic disease
Collins, K. H., Haugen, I. K., Neogi, T., & Guilak, F. (2025) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-025-01332-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration and Stroke After Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Patients With Diabetes and Obesity
Lin, H.-T., Tsai, Y.-F., Liao, P.-L., & Wei, J. C.-C. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.21016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of substance use disorders among US veterans with type 2 diabetes: cohort study
Cai, M., Choi, T., Xie, Y., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2025-086886 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Hypothalamic Regulation of Satiation: Cognitive and Neural Insights from Human and Animal Studies
Park, J. S., Kim, K. S., & Choi, H. J. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.0106 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
New Molecules and Indications for GLP-1 Medicines
Gonzalez-Rellan, M. J., & Drucker, D. J. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.14392 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for major neurocognitive disorders
Giorgi, R. D., Ghenciulescu, A., Yotter, C. N., Taquet, M., & Koychev, I. G. (2025) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-335593 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Emerging Frontiers in GLP-1 Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Evidence Base (2025)
Patel, S., & Niazi, S. K. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17081036 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Associations of semaglutide with Alzheimer's disease-related dementias in patients with type 2 diabetes: A real-world target trial emulation study
Wang, W., Davis, P. B., Qi, X., Gurney, M. E., Perry, G. L., Volkow, N. D., Kaelber, D. C., & Xu, R. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251351329 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Multifunctional incretin peptides in therapies for type 2 diabetes, obesity and associated co-morbidities
Bailey, C. J., Flatt, P. R., & Conlon, J. M. (2025) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2025.171380 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
GLP-1 receptor agonists: exploration of transformation from metabolic regulation to multi-organ therapy
Gong, B., Li, C., Shi, Z., Wang, F., Dai, R., Chen, G., & Su, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1675552 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease—The New Epidemic of Chronic Liver Disease
Ginès, P., Serra‐Burriel, M., & Kamath, P. S. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.16381 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review
Kunutsor, S. K., & Seidu, S. (2025) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-025-02263-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Adipose tissue-targeting nanomedicines for obesity pharmacotherapy
Wang, L., Jia, Q., He, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2025.03.010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Motility Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Bellavance, D. R., Chua, S. G., & Mashimo, H. L. (2025) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-025-00995-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Impact of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Postoperative Outcomes in Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review
Lee, V., Durkee, S. M., Ponce, B. A., Coutelle, N., Gerges, P. E., & Lima, D. (2025) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2025.07.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Comprehensive Evaluation of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: An Umbrella Review of Clinical Outcomes across Multiple Diseases
Kong, F., Zhao, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Wu, T., Zhou, Z., Xu, Y., Xia, L., & Sun, T. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67701-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Prospects of GLP-1 Therapies for Addiction and Mental Health Comorbidities—Quo Vadis?
Farokhnia, M., & Leggio, L. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.4308 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Balancing weight and muscle loss in GLP1 receptor agonist therapy
Sanchis‐Gomar, F., Neeland, I. J., & Lavie, C. J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01160-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
From precision interventions to precision health
Schork, N. J., & Goetz, L. H. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60395-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Efficacy of incretin-based therapies in obesity-related obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Bardóczi, A. B., Matics, Z., Turan, C., Szabó, B., Molnár, Z., Hegyi, P., Müller, V., & Horváth, G. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102119 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mechanisms, functions and therapeutic targeting of protein tyrosine phosphatases
Tiganis, T., & Tonks, N. K. (2025) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-025-00882-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Association between GLP-1 receptor agonist use and worsening mental illness in people with depression and anxiety in Sweden: a national cohort study
Taipale, H. T., Taylor, M., Lähteenvuo, M., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Tanskanen, A. J., & Tiihonen, J. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(26)00014-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Risk of perioperative cardiorespiratory complications and mortality associated with preoperative glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide propensity-score matched study
Wu, H.-L., Chen, J., Cata, J. P., Hsieh, C.-H., Cherng, Y., & Tai, Y. (2025) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2025.08.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pharmacovigilance analysis of neurological adverse events associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
Chen, H., Liu, S., Gao, S. H., Shi, H., Yan, Y., Xu, Y., Fang, J., Wang, W., Chen, H., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01206-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Screening for advanced steatotic liver disease
Johansen, S., Åberg, F. O., Tsochatzis, E. A., & Krag, A. A. (2025) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(25)00097-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Expanding Scope of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Six Uses Beyond Diabetes
Sheth, K., Kim, S., Porterfield, L. R., Virani, S. S., Wadhwani, S., & Vaughan, E. M. (2025) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01319-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Benefit-Risk Assessment of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Implications for Dermatologists and Plastic Surgeons
Cedirian, S., Donati, M., Rapparini, L., Pampaloni, F., Plaça, M. L., Sgarzani, R., Negosanti, L., Raschi, E., & Starace, M. V. R. (2025) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-025-01537-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists – Good for Body Weight, Bad for Micronutrient Status?
Kerlikowsky, F., Krämer, K., Eggersdorfer, M., & Hahn, A. (2025) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107587 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) Signaling: Making the Case for a Functionally Gs Protein-Selective GPCR
Lymperopoulos, A., Altsman, V. L., & Stoicovy, R. A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157239 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Incretin-Based Therapies Through the Decades: Molecular Innovations and Clinical Impact
Lee, A. A., Khotina, V. A., Kashirskikh, D. A., Voronko, O. E., Gasanov, V. A. O., & Vasiliev, A. V. (2025) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci13040269 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The societal implications of using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity
Scragg, J., Koutoukidis, D. A., Dirksen, C., Heitmann, B. L., & Jebb, S. A. (2025) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2025.100805 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exploring the Role of GLP ‐1 Agents in Managing Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Narrative and Systematic Review
Gruzmark, F. S., Beraja, G. E., Jozic, I., & Lev‐Tov, H. A. (2025) · Wound Repair and Regeneration · doi:10.1111/wrr.70085 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for major cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in type 1 diabetes
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Self-citation

Authors: Xie, Y., Choi, T., & Al-Aly, Z.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
VA St. Louis Health Care System (US)
ORCID: Xie, Yan
Choi, Taeyoung
Al-Aly, Ziyad
Venue: Nature Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2025-01-20
Volume: 31
Issue: 3
Pages: 951-962
ISSN: 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
1546-170X
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03412-w
OpenAlex: W4406602151
Cited by: 300
References: 110
Citations by year: 2026: 137 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 2
FWCI: 203.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2025-01-31)
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
Keywords: GLP-1 receptor agonists, diabetes mellitus, obesity, drug safety, adverse drug reactions, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, substance use, psychosis, seizures, neurocognitive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, gastrointestinal diseases, drug-induced pancreatitis, kidney stones, interstitial nephritis, veterans
MeSH terms: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Middle Aged, Sulfonylurea Compounds, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Treatment Outcome, Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors

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