Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy
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The present study attempted to reconstruct 3D brain shape of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens based on computational neuroanatomy. We found that early Homo sapiens had relatively larger cerebellar hemispheres but a smaller occipital region in the cerebrum than Neanderthals long before the time that Neanderthals disappeared. Further, using behavioural and structural imaging data of living humans, the abilities such as cognitive flexibility, attention, the language processing, episodic and working memory capacity were positively correlated with size-adjusted cerebellar volume. As the cerebellar hemispheres are structured as a large array of uniform neural modules, a larger cerebellum may possess a larger capacity for cognitive information processing. Such a neuroanatomical difference in the cerebellum may have caused important differences in cognitive and social abilities between the two species and might have contributed to the replacement of Neanderthals by early Homo sapiens .
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Comparative studies indicate that the increased endocranial globularity of present-day humans as compared to Neandertals is not merely the result of absolute cerebellar enlargement.
“However, comparative studies indicate that the increased endocranial globularity of present-day humans as compared to Neandertals is not merely the result of absolute cerebellar enlargement [4, 5], suggesting that endocranial shape variation involves complex shifts in relative, rather than absolute, volumes of different brain structures.”
From Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
We find changes that might have affected the size of the cerebellum, possibly even since the split from Neanderthals.
“we find changes that might have affected the size of the cerebellum, a key contributor to our brain shape11,84, possibly even since the split from Neanderthals85”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
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Evolutionary mechanisms modulating the mammalian skull development
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Scaling Palaeolithic tar production processes exponentially increases behavioural complexity
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Comparative anatomy and 3D geometric morphometrics of the El Sidrón atlases (C1)
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Asymmetries of Cerebellar Lobe in the Genus Homo
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Palaeoneurology and the Emergence of Language
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Did increasing brain size place early humans at risk of extinction?
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Neanderthal Language: Demystifying the Linguistic Powers of our Extinct Cousins
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What Are the Synergies between Paleoanthropology and Brain Imaging?
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The Neanderthal brain: Biological and cognitive evolution
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The role of the cerebellum in creativity and expert stone knapping
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The Superior Visual Perception Hypothesis: Neuroaesthetics of Cave Art
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Insights into brain evolution through the genotype-phenotype connection
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Palaeolithic toolmaking and the evolution of cognition and languagePreprint
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Virtually estimated endocranial volumes of the Krapina Neandertals
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The Expert Neandertal Mind and Brain, Revisited
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Brain region-specific effects of nearly fixed sapiens-derived alleles
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Morphological evolution of the hominid brain
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Brain vs. endocast: Does size differ? A unique experiment based on a cohort of 75 volunteers
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The evolution of the parietal lobes in the genus Homo: the fossil evidence
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The Evolution of Brain and Body Size in Genus Homo
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Social cognitive processes explain bias in juror decisions
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Neurobiología de sapiens y neandertales para su aplicación en la Arqueología Cognitiva
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Learning Behaviors Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans: An Introduction
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Hominin cognition: The null hypothesis
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Self-citationA test of the Archaic Homo Introgression Hypothesis for the Chiari malformation type I
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Multilevel innovativeness and cross-species comparisons
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Neanderthal brain and cognition reconsidered
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Self-citationBiophysical modeling of anatomically realistic prenatal cortical folding development
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The Evolution of Sleep and Dreams
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Social cognitive processes explain bias in juror decisionsPreprint
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“This divergence likely develops in the perinatal period 29 and is chiefly derived from a bulging cerebellum and parietal lobes, together with a smaller occipital lobe 25,27,28 .”
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- Authors
- Kochiyama, T., Ogihara, N., Tanabe, H. C., Kondo, O., Amano, H., Hasegawa, K., Suzuki, H., Ponce de León, M. S., Zollikofer, C. P. E., Bastir, M., Stringer, C., Sadato, N., & Akazawa, T.
- Affiliations
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (JP)
- Keio University (JP)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (JP)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (ES)
- Natural History Museum (GB)
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (JP)
- Kochi University of Technology (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ogihara, Naomichi
- Tanabe, Hiroki C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2018-04-26
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6296-6296
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5919901
- OpenAlex
- W2801185600
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 99.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Natural History Museum, London (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NS092988, 1U54MH091657)
- Harvard University
- Calleva Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (22101006, 22101007, 22101001)
- Universität Wien
- Tel Aviv University
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- National Institutes of Health (5u54mh091657-05, 1U54‐MH‐091657)
- McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience (1U54MH091657)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H01846, 17H06381, 16K16080)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54-MH091657)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS‐092988, 1U54MH091657, R24NS092988)
- NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research (NS092988, 1U54-MH-091657)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- Neanderthals, early Homo sapiens, cerebellum, cerebellar volume, computational neuroanatomy, cognitive flexibility, attention, language processing, episodic memory, working memory, Neanderthal replacement, human evolution
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anthropology, Cerebellum, Cognition, Fossils, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Skull, Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed, Linear Models, Computational Biology, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Executive Function, Climate Change, Neanderthals, Social Skills
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