Ribcage measurements indicate greater lung capacity in Neanderthals and Lower Pleistocene hominins compared to modern humans
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Our most recent fossil relatives, the Neanderthals, had a large brain and a very heavy body compared to modern humans. This type of body requires high levels of energetic intake. While food (meat and fat consumption) is a source of energy, oxygen via respiration is also necessary for metabolism. We would therefore expect Neanderthals to have large respiratory capacities. Here we estimate the pulmonary capacities of Neanderthals, based on costal measurements and physiological data from a modern human comparative sample. The Kebara 2 male had a lung volume of about 9.04 l; Tabun C1, a female individual, a lung volume of 5.85 l; and a Neanderthal from the El Sidrón site, a lung volume of 9.03 l. These volumes are approximately 20% greater than the corresponding volumes of modern humans of the same body size and sex. These results show that the Neanderthal body was highly sensitive to energy supply.
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Adaptive explanations for an enlarged midface and large brows have focused either on enlargement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses emphasizing respiratory/energetic demands and climatic adaptation, or on mechanical adaptations to diet, paramasticatory activity, or increase in body size.
“Adaptive explanations for an enlarged midface and large brows have focused either on enlargement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses emphasizing respiratory/energetic demands 56 and climatic adaptation 57,58 , or on mechanical adaptations to diet, paramasticatory activity 59,60 , or increase in body size [61][62][63][64]”
From The evolutionary history of the human face (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
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Self-citationGarcía‐Martínez, D., Martelli, S. A., Torres‐Tamayo, N., Arenas, J. M. J., Martín, A. G., del Campo, M. D. D., Cambra‐Moo, Ó., Zlolniski, S. L., Nalla, S., Sanchis‐Gimeno, J. A., et al. (2020) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.054 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLópez‐Rey, J. M., García‐Martínez, D., & Bastir, M. (2024) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103629 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcía‐Martínez, D., Bastir, M., Villa, C., Rio, F. G., Torres‐Sánchez, I., Recheis, W. A., Barash, A., Khonsari, R. H., O’Higgins, P., Meyer, M. R., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67664-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationNeanderthals: Anatomy, genes, and evolution
Rosas, A., Bastir, M., & García‐Tabernero, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821428-2.00007-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTorres‐Tamayo, N., Bastir, M., VanSickle, C., García‐Tabernero, A., de la Rasilla, M., & Rosas, A. (2025) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103666 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcía‐Martínez, D. (2019) · Revista de Estudios del Campo de Montiel · doi:10.30823/recm.02019116 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman midfacial growth pattern differs from that of Neanderthals and chimpanzees
Schuh, A., Gunz, P., Villa, C., Maureille, B., Toussaint, M., Abrams, G., Hublin, J., & Freidline, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103667 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
López‐Rey, J. M., García‐Martínez, D., Martelli, S. A., Beyer, B., Palancar, C. A., Torres‐Sánchez, I., Rio, F. G., & Bastir, M. (2023) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103442 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Sima de los Huesos thorax and lumbar spine: Selected traits and state‐of‐the‐art
Gómez‐Olivencia, A., & Arsuaga, J. L. (2024) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25414 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Testing the reliability of CT scan‐based dental wear magnitude scoring
Godinho, R. M., & Gonçalves, C. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24374 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Neanderthal cervical spine revisited
Palancar, C. A., García‐Martínez, D., & Bastir, M. (2025) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103704 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe first preserved nasal cavity in the human fossil record: The Neanderthal from Altamura
Buzi, C., Profico, A., Lorenzo, C., & Manzi, G. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2426309122 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neanderthal Extinction, Early Modern Humans and Diet
Cardona, P. J. U. (2024) · International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA) · doi:10.56581/ijlera.9.1.38-42 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thoracic Anatomy and Human Evolution: A Respiratory Advantage for Homo sapiens?
Bastir, M., & Rio, F. G. (2025) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2025.09.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTracy, D. K. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009030564.005
The Vertebral Column and Thorax
Gómez‐Olivencia, A., & Been, E. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.009
Holliday, T. W., & Cowgill, L. W. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.019
Axial Skeleton and Pelvic Girdle
Cowgill, L. W., & Maddux, S. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.008
Cowgill, L. W., & Maddux, S. D. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316756492.017
López‐Rey, J. M., García‐Martínez, D., Gómez‐Olivencia, A., Cambra‐Moo, Ó., Martín, A. G., Bastir, M., & Castro, J. M. B. D. (2026) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70299
Self-citationPott, H., Savov, P., Stauss, R. D., Watson, L., Kullmer, O., Ettinger, M., Webb, N. M., & Chapman, T. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-77544-z
- Authors
- García-Martínez, D., Torres-Tamayo, N., Torres-Sánchez, I., García-Río, F., Rosas, A., & Bastir, M.
- Affiliations
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (ES)
- Venue
- Communications Biology
- Published
- 2018-08-16
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 117-117
- ISSN
- 2399-3642 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6123625
- OpenAlex
- W2885260231
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 20.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leakey Foundation
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad
- Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital, Gobierno de España (CGL‐2015‐63648‐P, CGL2016-75109-P)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Neanderthals, lung capacity, lung volume, respiratory capacity, energy supply, body size
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