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Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy
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The present study attempted to reconstruct 3D brain shape of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens based on computational neuroanatomy. We found that early Homo sapiens had relatively larger cerebellar hemispheres but a smaller occipital region in the cerebrum than Neanderthals long before the time that Neanderthals disappeared. Further, using behavioural and structural imaging data of living humans, the abilities such as cognitive flexibility, attention, the language processing, episodic and working memory capacity were positively correlated with size-adjusted cerebellar volume. As the cerebellar hemispheres are structured as a large array of uniform neural modules, a larger cerebellum may possess a larger capacity for cognitive information processing. Such a neuroanatomical difference in the cerebellum may have caused important differences in cognitive and social abilities between the two species and might have contributed to the replacement of Neanderthals by early Homo sapiens .
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“However, comparative studies indicate that the increased endocranial globularity of present-day humans as compared to Neandertals is not merely the result of absolute cerebellar enlargement [4, 5], suggesting that endocranial shape variation involves complex shifts in relative, rather than absolute, volumes of different brain structures.”
From Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“we find changes that might have affected the size of the cerebellum, a key contributor to our brain shape11,84, possibly even since the split from Neanderthals85”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kochiyama, T., Ogihara, N., Tanabe, H. C., Kondo, O., Amano, H., Hasegawa, K., Suzuki, H., Ponce de León, M. S., Zollikofer, C. P. E., Bastir, M., Stringer, C., Sadato, N., & Akazawa, T.
- Affiliations
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (JP)
- Keio University (JP)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (JP)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (ES)
- Natural History Museum (GB)
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (JP)
- Kochi University of Technology (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ogihara, Naomichi
- Tanabe, Hiroki C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2018-04-26
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6296-6296
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5919901
- OpenAlex
- W2801185600
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 99.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Natural History Museum, London (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NS092988, 1U54MH091657)
- Harvard University
- Calleva Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (22101006, 22101007, 22101001)
- Universität Wien
- Tel Aviv University
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- National Institutes of Health (5u54mh091657-05, 1U54‐MH‐091657)
- McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience (1U54MH091657)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H01846, 17H06381, 16K16080)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54-MH091657)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS‐092988, 1U54MH091657, R24NS092988)
- NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research (NS092988, 1U54-MH-091657)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- Neanderthals, early Homo sapiens, cerebellum, cerebellar volume, computational neuroanatomy, cognitive flexibility, attention, language processing, episodic memory, working memory, Neanderthal replacement, human evolution
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anthropology, Cerebellum, Cognition, Fossils, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Skull, Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed, Linear Models, Computational Biology, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Executive Function, Climate Change, Neanderthals, Social Skills
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