Human skeletal muscle macrophages increase following cycle training and are associated with adaptations that may facilitate growth
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle macrophages participate in repair and regeneration following injury. However, their role in physiological adaptations to exercise is unexplored. We determined whether endurance exercise training (EET) alters macrophage content and characteristics in response to resistance exercise (RE), and whether macrophages are associated with other exercise adaptations. Subjects provided vastus lateralis biopsies before and after one bout of RE, after 12 weeks of EET (cycling), and after a final bout of RE. M2 macrophages (CD11b+/CD206+) did not increase with RE, but increased in response to EET (P < 0.01). Increases in M2 macrophages were positively correlated with fiber hypertrophy (r = 0.49) and satellite cells (r = 0.47). M2c macrophages (CD206+/CD163+) also increased following EET (P < 0.001), and were associated with fiber hypertrophy (r = 0.64). Gene expression was quantified using NanoString. Following EET, the change in M2 macrophages was positively associated with changes in HGF, IGF1, and extracellular matrix genes. EET decreased expression of IL6 (P < 0.05), C/EBPβ (P < 0.01), and MuRF (P < 0.05), and increased expression of IL-4 (P < 0.01), TNFα (P < 0.01) and the TWEAK receptor FN14 (P < 0.05). The change in FN14 gene expression was inversely associated with changes in C/EBPβ (r = -0.58) and MuRF (r = -0.46) following EET. In cultured human myotubes, siRNA inhibition of FN14 increased expression of C/EBPβ (P < 0.05) and MuRF (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that macrophages contribute to the muscle response to EET, potentially including modulation of TWEAK-FN14 signaling.
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Twelve weeks of endurance exercise training composed of cycling 3 d·wk−1 at a target intensity corresponding to 65% V O2max increased M2 macrophage abundance in human skeletal muscle.
“Twelve weeks of endurance exercise training composed of cycling 3 d·wk−1 at a target intensity corresponding to 65% V O2max increased M2 macrophage abundance in human skeletal muscle, suggesting that adaptive changes to training may reduce local inflammation (40).”
From Exercise Counters the Age-Related Accumulation of Senescent Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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Sorted by citations
Roberts, M. D., McCarthy, J. J., Hornberger, T. A., Phillips, S. M., Mackey, A. L., Nader, G. A., Boppart, M. D., Kavazis, A. N., Reidy, P. T., Ogasawara, R., et al. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00039.2022 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Walton, R. G., Dungan, C. M., Long, D. E., Tuggle, S. C., Kosmac, K., Peck, B. D., Bush, H. M., Villasante Tezanos, A. G., McGwin, G., Windham, S. T., et al. (2019) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13039 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationFusion and beyond: Satellite cell contributions to loading-induced skeletal muscle adaptation
Murach, K. A., Fry, C. S., Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E., McCarthy, J. J., & Peterson, C. A. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202101096r · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationExercise Counters the Age-Related Accumulation of Senescent Cells
Zhang, X., Englund, D. A., Aversa, Z., Jachim, S. K., White, T. A., & LeBrasseur, N. K. (2022) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000302 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and muscle mass effects
Ceasovschih, A., Asaftei, A., Lupo, M. G., Kotlyarov, S., Bartušková, H., Balta, A., Sorodoc, V., Sorodoc, L., & Banach, M. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107927 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Age-associated inflammation and implications for skeletal muscle responses to exercise
Kunz, H. E., & Lanza, I. R. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112177 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
- Authors
- Walton, R. G., Kosmac, K., Mula, J., Fry, C. S., Peck, B. D., Groshong, J. S., Finlin, B. S., Zhu, B., Kern, P. A., & Peterson, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walton, R. Grace
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2019-01-30
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 969-969
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6353900
- OpenAlex
- W2911336809
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 8.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (071349)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR001998)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (046920)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- endurance training, resistance training, M2 macrophages, M2c macrophages, muscle fiber hypertrophy, satellite cells, Fn14, C/EBPβ, MurF, interleukin-6, insulin-like growth factor I, extracellular matrix, muscle growth, vastus lateralis
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Aged, Female, Fibronectins, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Proteins, Physical Endurance, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta, Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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