Fragmentation of plastic objects in a laboratory seawater microcosm
Open accessAbstract
We studied the fragmentation of conventional thermoplastic and compostable plastic items in a laboratory seawater microcosm. In the microcosm, polyurethane foams, cellulose acetate cigarette filters, and compostable polyester and polylactic acid items readily sank, whereas polyethylene air pouches, latex balloons, polystyrene foams and polypropylene cups remained afloat. Microbial biofilms dominated by Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes and Bacteriodetes grew on the plastics, and caused some of the polyethylene items to sink to the bottom. Electrical resistances (ER) of plastic items decreased as function of time, an indication that seawater had penetrated into microscopic crevices in the plastic that had developed over time. Rate constants for ER decrease in polyethylene items in the microcosm were similar to tensile elongation decrease of polyethylene sheets floating in sea, measured previously by others. Weight loss of plastic items was ≤ 1% per year for polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene, 3–5% for latex, polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane, 15% for cellulose acetate, and 7–27% for polyester and polylactic acid compostable bags. The formation of microplastics observed in the microcosm was responsible for at least part of the weight loss. This study emphasizes the need to obtain experimental data on plastic litter degradation under conditions that are realistic for marine environments.
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Gerritse et al. (2020) found that gravimetric weight loss of PE, PP and PS was ≤1% per year, while PET, PU (3-5% per year) and biodegradable plastics (>7% per year) had higher rates of weight loss, and that microplastic generation was responsible for at least some of the detected weight loss.
“The study found that gravimetric weight loss of PE, PP and PS was #1% per year, while PET, PU (3-5% per year) and biodegradable plastics (>7% per year) were characterised by higher rates of weight loss, and that microplastic generation was responsible for (at least some) of the detected weight loss.”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as Gerritse et al. (2020), 103
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- Authors
- Gerritse, J., Leslie, H. A., de Tender, C. A., Devriese, L. I., & Vethaak, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Deltares (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Flanders Marine Institute (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Gerritse, Jan
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2020-07-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10945-10945
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7331685
- OpenAlex
- W3039145314
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 7.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Flanders Marine Institute (Flanders Marine Institute) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Union Seventh Framework Program (nr. 308370 CleanSea)
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (12S9418N)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Marine and Offshore Engineering Studies
- Keywords
- plastic fragmentation, marine plastic debris, seawater microcosms, plastic degradation, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane foam, polylactic acid, compostable plastics, polyesters, cigarette filters, cellulose acetate, biofilm, electrical resistance, weight loss, microplastics, elongation at break, buoyancy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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