Diffuse terahertz spectroscopy in turbid media using a wavelet-based bimodality spectral analysis
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Abstract
Current terahertz (THz) spectroscopy techniques only use the coherent light beam for spectral imaging. In the presence of electromagnetic scattering, however, the scattering-mitigated incoherent beams allow for flexible emitter-detector geometries, which enable applications such as seeing through turbid media. Despite this potential, THz spectroscopy using diffuse waves has not been demonstrated. The main obstacles are the very poor signal to noise ratios of the diffused fields and the resonance-like spectral artifacts due to multiple Mie scattering events that obscure the material absorption signatures. In this work, we demonstrate diffuse THz spectroscopy of a heterogeneous sample through turbid media using a novel technique based on the wavelet multiresolution analysis and the bimodality coefficient spectrum, which we define here for the first time using the skewness and kurtosis of the spectral images. The proposed method yields broadband and simultaneous material characterization at detection angles as high as 90° with respect to the incident beam. We determined the accuracy of the wavelet-based diffuse spectroscopy at oblique detection angles, by evaluating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, to be higher than 95%. This technique is agnostic to any a priori information on the spectral signatures of the sample materials or the characteristics of the scattering medium, and can be expanded for other broadband spectroscopic modalities.
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When applied to THz absorption or reflection coefficients, wavelet transform can separate characteristic resonant signatures from scattering-induced spectral artifacts.
“We have shown that because wavelet transform provides spectral localization at multiple resolution scales, when applied to THz absorption or reflection coefficients, it can separate the characteristic resonant signatures from the scattering-induced spectral artifacts [15,16,17,44].”
From Translation-Invariant Zero-Phase Wavelet Methods for Feature Extraction in Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results section (page unavailable) describes multiresolution wavelet analysis that preserves resonant features while reducing scattering artifacts. The Discussion (page unavailable) says wavelet reconstruction mitigated scattering artifacts in diffuse THz extinction spectra. The cited paper applies the method to extinction spectra, not specifically to absorption or reflection coefficients. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWavelet transform provides spectral localization at multiple resolution scales.
“We have shown that because wavelet transform provides spectral localization at multiple resolution scales, when applied to THz absorption or reflection coefficients, it can separate the characteristic resonant signatures from the scattering-induced spectral artifacts [15,16,17,44].”
From Translation-Invariant Zero-Phase Wavelet Methods for Feature Extraction in Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Furthermore, the wavelet coefficient levels associated with resonant signatures can be identified using total variation in reflection spectroscopy [16], or bimodality coefficient [17] and principal component analysis [45] in the transmission geometry.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Khani, M. E., Osman, O. B., & Arbab, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arbab, M. Hassan
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-11-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22804-22804
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8611087
- OpenAlex
- W3217358123
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 1.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM112693)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Spectroscopy and Laser Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Keywords
- terahertz spectroscopy, turbid media, wavelet multiresolution analysis, skewness and kurtosis, Mie scattering, incoherent light, material absorption, spectral artifacts, heterogeneous samples
- MeSH terms
- Emulsions, Lactose, Scattering, Radiation, Terahertz Spectroscopy, Wavelet Analysis
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