CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 22

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Structural changes in the oral microbiome of the adolescent patients with moderate or severe dental fluorosis

Wang, Qian, Chen, Xuelan, Hu, Huan, Wei, Xiaoyuan, Wang, Xiaofan, Peng, Zehui, Ma, Rui, Zhao, Qian, Zhao, Jiangchao, Liu, Jianguo, Deng, Feilong·2021·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-82709-zPMC PMC7859183
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Dental fluorosis is a very prevalent endemic disease. Although oral microbiome has been reported to correlate with different oral diseases, there appears to be an absence of research recognizing any relationship between the severity of dental fluorosis and the oral microbiome. To this end, we investigated the changes in oral microbial community structure and identified bacterial species associated with moderate and severe dental fluorosis. Salivary samples of 42 individuals, assigned into Healthy (N = 9), Mild (N = 14) and Moderate/Severe (M&S, N = 19), were investigated using the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The oral microbial community structure based on Bray Curtis and Weighted Unifrac were significantly changed in the M&S group compared with both of Healthy and Mild. As the predominant phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes showed variation in the relative abundance among groups. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was significantly higher in the M&S group. LEfSe analysis was used to identify differentially represented taxa at the species level. Several genera such as Streptococcus mitis, Gemella parahaemolysans, Lactococcus lactis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum , were significantly more abundant in patients with moderate/severe dental fluorosis, while Prevotella melaninogenica and Schaalia odontolytica were enriched in the Healthy group. In conclusion, our study indicates oral microbiome shift in patients with moderate/severe dental fluorosis. We identified several differentially represented bacterial species enriched in moderate and severe fluorosis. Findings from this study suggests that the roles of these bacteria in oral health and related diseases warrant more consideration in patients with moderate and severe fluorosis.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-021-82709-z

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Salivary microbial community alpha diversity box plots showing (A) Faith’s PD, (B) Observed OTUs, and (C) Shannon richness by different degrees of dental fluorosis.
Figure 1 Salivary microbial community alpha diversity box plots showing (A) Faith’s PD, (B) Observed OTUs, and (C) Shannon richness by different degrees of dental fluorosis.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Beta diversity plot of salivary samples based on Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of (A) Bray–Curtis, (B) weighted Unifrac, (C) Jaccard, and (D) unweighted Unifrac distance. Green/triangle, orange/rhombus, and purple/square represent Healthy, Mild and Moderate/Severe, respectively. The ellipses were calculated and drawn with 0.95 of confidence level using R/ggplot226 (stat_ellipse).
Figure 2 Beta diversity plot of salivary samples based on Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of (A) Bray–Curtis, (B) weighted Unifrac, (C) Jaccard, and (D) unweighted Unifrac distance. Green/triangle, orange/rhombus, and purple/square represent Healthy, Mild and Moderate/Severe, respectively. The ellipses were calculated and drawn with 0.95 of confidence level using R/ggplot226 (stat_ellipse).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Hierarchically clustered heatmap of taxonomy analysis at the genus (A) and phylum (B) level using R/pheatmap. (C) Significant different taxa at phylum level between Healthy and M&S group based on LEfSe analysis. (D) Boxplot for the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio among different groups. The F/B ratio of M&S group was significantly higher than Mild (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, P = 0.002). There was no statistical difference between Healthy and M&S group (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, P = 0.012).
Figure 3 Hierarchically clustered heatmap of taxonomy analysis at the genus (A) and phylum (B) level using R/pheatmap. (C) Significant different taxa at phylum level between Healthy and M&S group based on LEfSe analysis. (D) Boxplot for the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio among different groups. The F/B ratio of M&S group was significantly higher than Mild (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, P = 0.002). There was no statistical difference between Healthy and M&S group (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, P = 0.012).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 (A) Significantly different bacterial species between Healthy and M&S group based on LEfSe analysis. The number in square brackets represents the species also present as top 15 abundant bacterial species and corresponds to the number of plot B. (B) Average relative abundance of the top15 most abundant bacterial species. Boxplot for the relative abundance of Streptococcus mitis (C), Prevotella melaninogenica (D), Gemella parahaemolysans (E), Schaalia odontolytica (F), Lactococcus lactis (G), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (H). The difference of relative abundance of species in different groups were tested using wilcoxon rank sum test.
Figure 4 (A) Significantly different bacterial species between Healthy and M&S group based on LEfSe analysis. The number in square brackets represents the species also present as top 15 abundant bacterial species and corresponds to the number of plot B. (B) Average relative abundance of the top15 most abundant bacterial species. Boxplot for the relative abundance of Streptococcus mitis (C), Prevotella melaninogenica (D), Gemella parahaemolysans (E), Schaalia odontolytica (F), Lactococcus lactis (G), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (H). The difference of relative abundance of species in different groups were tested using wilcoxon rank sum test.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 4 references

Research works printed but not linked: 40

  1. Zhou, Y. et al. The prevalence and associated risk indicators of dental fluorosis in China: Findings from the 4th national oral health survey. Chin. J. Dent. Res. 21, 205–211 (2018).
  2. Verma, A., Shetty, B. K., Guddattu, V., Chourasia, M. K. & Pundir, P. High prevalence of dental fluorosis among adolescents is a growing concern: A school based cross-sectional study from Southern India. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 22, 17 (2017). · DOI
  3. Chankanka, O., Levy, S. M., Warren, J. J. & Chalmers, J. M. A literature review of aesthetic perceptions of dental fluorosis and relationships with psychosocial aspects/oral health-related quality of life. Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 38, 97–109 (2010). · DOI
  4. Vora, K. S. & Vora, P. K. Assessment of periodontal status of the patients with dental fluorosis in area with natural high levels of fluoride: A cross-sectional survey. Dental Hypotheses 4, 127 (2013). · DOI
  5. Costa, S. d. M. et al. Dental caries and endemic dental fluorosis in rural communities, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 16, 1021–1028 (2013). · DOI
  6. Menya, D. et al. Dental fluorosis and oral health in the African Esophageal Cancer Corridor: Findings from the Kenya ESCCAPE case–control study and a pan-African perspective. Int. J. Cancer 145, 99–109 (2019). · DOI
  7. Dewhirst, F. E. et al. The human oral microbiome. J. Bacteriol. 192, 5002–5017 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
  8. Ito, K. et al. Crystal structure of glucansucrase from the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. J. Mol. Biol. 408, 177–186 (2011). · DOI
  9. Takahashi, N. & Nyvad, B. The role of bacteria in the caries process: ecological perspectives. J. Dent. Res. 90, 294–303 (2011). · DOI
  10. Yang, S.-F. et al. Compositional and functional variations of oral microbiota associated with the mutational changes in oral cancer. Oral. Oncol. 77, 1–8 (2018). · DOI
  11. Fan, X. et al. Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: A population-based nested case-control study. Gut 67, 120–127 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  12. Farrell, J. J. et al. Variations of oral microbiota are associated with pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer. Gut 61, 582–588 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  13. Flemer, B. et al. The oral microbiota in colorectal cancer is distinctive and predictive. Gut 67, 1454–1463 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  14. Medina-Solis, C. E. et al. Dental fluorosis prevalence and severity using Dean’s index based on six teeth and on 28 teeth. Clin. Oral Invest. 12, 197–202 (2008). · DOI
  15. Dean, H., Arnold, F. & Elvolve, E. Additional studies of the relation of fluoride domestic waters to dental caries experience in 4425 white children aged 12–14 years in 13 cities in 4 states. Public Health Rep. 65, 1403–1408 (1942). · DOI
  16. Magoč, T. & Salzberg, S. L. FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 27, 2957–2963 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  17. Martin, M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet. J. 17, 10–12 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  18. Bolyen, E. et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 852–857 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
  19. Deng, F. et al. The vaginal and fecal microbiomes are related to pregnancy status in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 10, 1–13 (2019). · DOI
  20. Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825–2830 (2011).
  21. McDonald, D. et al. An improved Greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea. ISME J. 6, 610 (2012). · DOI
  22. Camacho, C. et al. BLAST+: Architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics 10, 421 (2009). · DOI · Paper page
  23. O’Leary, N. A. et al. Reference sequence (RefSeq) database at NCBI: current status, taxonomic expansion, and functional annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, D733–D745 (2016). · DOI · Paper page
  24. Wickham, H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis (Springer, New York, 2016). · DOI
  25. Segata, N. et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 12, R60 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  26. Brennan, C. A. & Garrett, W. S. Fusobacterium nucleatum—symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 156–166 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
  27. Fernandes, J., Su, W., Rahat-Rozenbloom, S., Wolever, T. & Comelli, E. Adiposity, gut microbiota and faecal short chain fatty acids are linked in adult humans. Nutr. Diab. 4, e121–e121 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  28. Delzenne, N. M. & Cani, P. D. Interaction between obesity and the gut microbiota: relevance in nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 31, 15–31 (2011). · DOI
  29. Yuan, X. et al. Green tea liquid consumption alters the human intestinal and oral microbiome. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 62, 1800178 (2018). · DOI
  30. Engström, K., Petersson, L., Sjöström, I. & Twetman, S. Composition of the salivary microflora during habitual consumption of fluoridated milk. Acta Odontol. Scand. 62, 143–146 (2004). · DOI
  31. Koopman, J. E. et al. The effect of fixed orthodontic appliances and fluoride mouthwash on the oral microbiome of adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS ONE 10, e0137318 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  32. Michel-Crosato, E., Biazevic, M. G. H. & Crosato, E. Relationship between dental fluorosis and quality of life: A population based study. Braz. Oral Res. 19, 150–155 (2005). · DOI
  33. Almerich-Silla, J. M., Montiel-Company, J. M. & Ruiz-Miravet, A. Caries and dental fluorosis in a western Saharan population of refugee children. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 116, 512–517 (2008). · DOI
  34. Aoba, T. Solubility properties of human tooth mineral and pathogenesis of dental caries. Oral Dis. 10, 249–257 (2004). · DOI
  35. Mitchell, J. Streptococcus mitis: walking the line between commensalism and pathogenesis. Mol. Oral Microbiol. 26, 89–98 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  36. Abranches, J. et al. Biology of oral streptococci. Gram‐Positive Pathogens, 426–434 (2019). · DOI
  37. De Soet, J., Nyvad, B. & Kilian, M. Strain-related acid production by oral Streptococci. Caries Res. 34, 486–490 (2000). · DOI
  38. Gross, E. L. et al. Bacterial 16S sequence analysis of severe caries in young permanent teeth. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48, 4121–4128 (2010). · DOI
  39. Gross, E. L. et al. Beyond Streptococcus mutans: dental caries onset linked to multiple species by 16S rRNA community analysis. PLoS ONE 7, e47722 (2012). · DOI
  40. Zhao, H. et al. Variations in oral microbiota associated with oral cancer. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–10 (2017). · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 22

Metadata

Authors
Wang, Q., Chen, X., Hu, H., Wei, X., Wang, X., Peng, Z., Ma, R., Zhao, Q., Zhao, J., Liu, J., & Deng, F.
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-02-03
Volume
11
Issue
1
ISSN
2045-2322
DOI
10.1038/s41598-021-82709-z
PMC
PMC7859183
Cited by
22
References
4
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • Science and Technology Plan of Guizhou Province (QianKeHe[2018]5772-029)
  • Outstanding Young Talent Project of Zunyi Medical University (17zy-002)
  • Science and Technology fund of Guizhou Health Commission (gzwjkj2020-1-240)
  • Top Science and Technology Talent Project in Higher Education Institution of Guizhou Province (Qian-Jiao-He KY Zi [2016]080)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Structural changes in the oral microbiome of the adolescent patients with moderate or severe dental fluorosis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41598-021-82709-z
The paper
Wang, Q., Chen, X., Hu, H., Wei, X., Wang, X., Peng, Z., Ma, R., Zhao, Q., Zhao, J., Liu, J., & Deng, F. (2021). Structural changes in the oral microbiome of the adolescent patients with moderate or severe dental fluorosis. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82709-z