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Characterizing the Qatar advanced-phase SARS-CoV-2 epidemic
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The overarching objective of this study was to provide the descriptive epidemiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in Qatar by addressing specific research questions through a series of national epidemiologic studies. Sources of data were the centralized and standardized national databases for SARS-CoV-2 infection. By July 10, 2020, 397,577 individuals had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 using polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR), of whom 110,986 were positive, a positivity cumulative rate of 27.9% (95% CI 27.8–28.1%). As of July 5, case severity rate, based on World Health Organization (WHO) severity classification, was 3.4% and case fatality rate was 1.4 per 1,000 persons. Age was by far the strongest predictor of severe, critical, or fatal infection. PCR positivity of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs in a national community survey (May 6–7) including 1,307 participants was 14.9% (95% CI 11.5–19.0%); 58.5% of those testing positive were asymptomatic. Across 448 ad-hoc testing campaigns in workplaces and residential areas including 26,715 individuals, pooled mean PCR positivity was 15.6% (95% CI 13.7–17.7%). SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence was 24.0% (95% CI 23.3–24.6%) in 32,970 residual clinical blood specimens. Antibody prevalence was only 47.3% (95% CI 46.2–48.5%) in those who had at least one PCR positive result, but 91.3% (95% CI 89.5–92.9%) among those who were PCR positive > 3 weeks before serology testing. Qatar has experienced a large SARS-CoV-2 epidemic that is rapidly declining, apparently due to growing immunity levels in the population.
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“With the small proportion of the population of Qatar being 50 years of age or older,10 our findings may not be generalizable to other countries in which elderly citizens constitute a larger proportion of the population.”
From Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Cases (persons infected with BA.1, BA.2, or any-Omicron-subvariant) and controls (uninfected persons) were exact-matched by sex, 10-year-age group, nationality, and calendar week of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to control for established differences in the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar15–19.”
From Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“With the lower severity of Omicron infections24,25 and the young population of Qatar15,26, case numbers were insufficient to estimate the duration of protection against COVID-19 hospitalization and death for each subvariant separately.”
From Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Matching was implemented to control for established differences in the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar15–19.”
From Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Qatar has young, international demographics. Only 9% of Qatar’s population is ≥50 years of age and 89% are international expatriates from over 150 countries15,41.”
From Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“With only 9% of Qatar’s population ≥50 years of age15,41, our findings may not be generalizable to other countries in which elderly citizens constitute a larger proportion of the total population.”
From Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Abu-Raddad, L. J., Chemaitelly, H., Ayoub, H. H., Al Kanaani, Z., Al Khal, A., Al Kuwari, E., Butt, A. A., Coyle, P., Jeremijenko, A., Kaleeckal, A. H., Latif, A. N., Owen, R. C., Rahim, H. F. A., Al Abdulla, S. A., Al Kuwari, M. G., Kandy, M. C., Saeb, H., Ahmed, S. N. N., Al Romaihi, H. E., Bansal, D., Dalton, L., Al-Thani, M. H., & Bertollini, R.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Qatar University (QA)
- Hamad Medical Corporation (QA)
- Primary Health Care (QA)
- Ministry of Public Health (QA)
- Corresponding author
- Abu-Raddad, Laith J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-03-18
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6233-6233
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7973743
- OpenAlex
- W3138604848
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 33
- FWCI
- 11.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP grant number 9-040-3-008 and NPRP grant number 12S-0216-190094)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 epidemic, Qatar, case fatality rate, case severity, age as risk factor, asymptomatic infection, seroprevalence, community survey, herd immunity, epidemic decline
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Qatar, Young Adult, Asymptomatic Infections
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