Mental health of UK firefighters
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to trauma, high-stress situations, and disrupted sleep are well known risk factors affecting firefighters' mental health. Little is known about the association between firefighters' exposure to fire contaminants and mental health disorders. The UK Firefighter Contamination Survey assessed firefighters' health and capacity for occupational exposure to contaminants. Participants were invited to anonymously complete its 64 questions online. Logistic regression analyses assessed the associations between self-reported mental health disorders and proxies of contaminant exposure. Results found that firefighters who notice soot in their nose/throat for more than a day after attending fires (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.8, 1.4-2.4), and those who remain in their personal protective equipment (PPE) for over 4 h after fires (OR = 1.9, 1.2-3.1), were nearly twice as likely to report mental health disorders. Significantly increased odds ratios for all three outcomes of interest (anxiety, depression and/or any mental health disorders) were also found among firefighters who take PPE home to clean. Sleeping problems were reported by 61% of firefighters. These firefighters were 4.2 times more likely to report any mental health disorder (OR = 4.2, 3.7-4.9), 2.9 times more likely to report anxiety (OR = 2.9, 2.4-3.5) and 2.3 times more likely to report depression (OR = 2.3, 1.9-2.8) when compared to firefighters who did not report sleep issues. Effective decontamination measures within UK Fire and Rescue Services, together with firefighters' wellness, may play a crucial role in protecting firefighters' mental health.
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Mental health conditions common in firefighters include PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, which may cause a greater risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts.
“Mental health conditions common in firefighters include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and substance abuse which may cause a greater risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts [7,29,30,31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results and analysis section reports self-reported anxiety, depression, and PTSD among surveyed UK firefighters. It does not establish that substance abuse is a common mental health condition in this group or that the listed conditions increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts; the suicide-related material found is in reference titles, not a reported finding of this paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the general UK population, approximately 6% reported anxiety.
“In contrast, approximately 6% of the general UK population reported anxiety, 3% reported depression, and just under 5% reported PTSD [31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results and analysis section reports anxiety in approximately 12% of surveyed firefighters, and the Conclusion says that rate is over twice the general-population rate, consistent with roughly 6%. However, the paper's comparison is specifically with the general English population, not the whole UK; the Methods section also identifies its comparison measure as generalised anxiety disorder rather than a general self-report of anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the general UK population, approximately 3% reported depression.
“In contrast, approximately 6% of the general UK population reported anxiety, 3% reported depression, and just under 5% reported PTSD [31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results and analysis report depression in around 10% of surveyed firefighters, and the Conclusion says this is nearly three times the general-population rate, implying approximately 3%. However, the Methods identify the comparison population as the general English population, not the whole UK population. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the general UK population, just under 5% reported PTSD.
“In contrast, approximately 6% of the general UK population reported anxiety, 3% reported depression, and just under 5% reported PTSD [31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results and analysis section reports PTSD in around 5% of surveyed firefighters, and the Discussion says that rate was comparable to the UK population’s. But the copy does not give a general-population figure of just under 5%; it also cautions that firefighters’ self-reports were compared with diagnosed cases in the population. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAccording to the UK Firefighter Contamination Survey, 46% of firefighters self-reported their mental health to be a significant factor impacting their sleep disturbance.
“According to the UK Firefighter Contamination Survey, 46% of firefighters self-reported their mental health to be a significant factor impacting their sleep disturbance [31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results and analysis section reports that 46% (n = 3010) of the 6,490 firefighters who reported sleeping problems selected mental health as a reason for their sleep disturbance. The Limitations section confirms that this percentage applies to firefighters reporting sleeping problems, not to all surveyed firefighters as the claim implies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Firefighters are at an increased risk for living with OCD.
“firefighters are at an increased risk for living with OCD.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results and analysis section reports that 1.6% of surveyed firefighters self-reported OCD. The Discussion says firefighters had higher rates of mental health conditions overall than the general population, but it does not establish an increased risk for OCD specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a study of UK firefighters, approximately 12% reported anxiety.
“Approximately 12% of firefighters reported anxiety, 10% reported depression, and 5% reported PTSD.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In a study of UK firefighters, approximately 10% reported depression.
“Approximately 12% of firefighters reported anxiety, 10% reported depression, and 5% reported PTSD.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In a study of UK firefighters, approximately 5% reported PTSD.
“Approximately 12% of firefighters reported anxiety, 10% reported depression, and 5% reported PTSD.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Firefighters are more than twice as likely to experience anxiety relative to the general population.
“Wolffe et al. [31] reported that firefighters are more than twice as likely to experience anxiety relative to the general population.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Firefighters with sleeping problems were over four times as likely to experience a mental health concern.
“Further, firefighters with sleeping problems were over four times as likely to experience a mental health concern [31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Firefighters suffering from disturbed sleep were shown to be twice as likely to have anxiety or depression.
“Firefighters suffering from disturbed sleep were shown to be twice as likely to have anxiety or depression.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In a large survey of 10,649 firefighters, 1.6% reported having OCD.
“According to a large survey of 10,649 firefighters, 1.6% reported having OCD [31].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
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Contamination of UK firefighters personal protective equipment and workplaces
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Online Psychological Care and Psychotherapy: Reality, Evidence, and Indicators
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- Authors
- Wolffe, T. A. M., Robinson, A., Clinton, A., Turrell, L., & Stec, A. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stec, Anna A.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2023-01-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 62-62
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9832123
- OpenAlex
- W4315491243
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 15.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Central Lancashire
- Fire Brigades Union
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- firefighters, mental health, occupational exposure, soot exposure, personal protective equipment, decontamination, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, occupational health
- MeSH terms
- Personal Protective Equipment, Fires, United Kingdom, Humans, Mental Health, Occupational Exposure, Firefighters
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