Firefighter Shift Schedules Affect Sleep Quality
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of firefighter sleep quality across department shift schedules. METHODS: Sleep quality was assessed using a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in a sample of 109 male career firefighters from six fire departments in three Southwestern US states. The three shift schedules studied were 24on/48off, 48on/96off, and Kelly. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of firefighters report poor sleep quality. The 24on/48off shift schedule is associated with the best sleep quality and Kelly is associated with the worst sleep quality. Firefighters working second jobs report significantly poorer sleep quality than those who do not. CONCLUSIONS: Shift schedules that disrupt normal circadian rhythms more result in poorer sleep quality, which can lead to less effective emergency response and increased risk to firefighter health and safety.
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The prevalence of poor sleep quality in firefighters is typically higher than the general population of the area.
“Thus, the prevalence of poor sleep quality ranges depending on the assessment and the working schedule of the firefighters but is typically higher than the general population of the area [10,11,26,45].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
Among full-time shift-working United States firefighters, those who worked a second job had significantly poorer sleep quality than those who did not.
“Billings et al. [11] assessed sleep quality in 109 full-time shift-working firefighters in the United States using the PSQI and found that 73% reported poor sleep quality; those that worked a second job had significantly poorer sleep quality than those who did not.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
In a study of 109 full-time shift-working United States firefighters, 73% reported poor sleep quality on the PSQI.
“Billings et al. [11] assessed sleep quality in 109 full-time shift-working firefighters in the United States using the PSQI and found that 73% reported poor sleep quality; those that worked a second job had significantly poorer sleep quality than those who did not.”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
Elevated risks in emergency responders are linked with myriad occupational stressors including frequent exposure to psychological trauma and shift work that interferes with sleep.
“These elevated risks in emergency responders are linked with myriad occupational stressors (2) including frequent exposure to psychological trauma (3–5) and shift work that interferes with their sleep (6).”
From Pilot outcomes and exploration of treatment mechanisms using a culturally adapted version of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to improve mental health symptoms, alcohol misuse, functional outcomes, and sleep quality in emergency responders (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Billings, J., & Focht, W.
- Affiliations
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Billings, Joel
- ORCID
- Billings, Joel
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 294-298
- ISSN
- 1076-2752 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2298291173
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep quality, circadian rhythm disruption, second jobs, occupational health, emergency response effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Time Factors, Work Schedule Tolerance, Southwestern United States, Incidence, Occupational Health, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Young Adult, Firefighters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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