A high-absorbance water-soluble photoinitiator nanoparticle for hydrogel 3D printing: synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity study
Open accessAbstract
Light-based hydrogel crosslinking is a new approach in rapid and high-resolution 3D printing; however, using this method in tissue engineering is challenging due to the toxicity of photoinitiators, their solvents, and their low efficiency. Herein, a novel, water-soluble photoinitiator with high efficiency in light-based 3D printing is introduced. Low-cost photoinitator, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenyl phosphinate, is converted into nanoparticles via a microemulsion method and dispersed in water. Cell toxicity assays were performed to prove that these nanoparticles are non-toxic and can be used in biomedical applications. Finally, the nanoparticles were utilized in the high-accuracy 3D printing of hydrogels. The results of this study indicate that these particles are potent to be used in bioprinting.
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Residual photoinitiators in SLA printing inks may induce cytotoxicity, which is a key limitation of SLA printing.
“Photoinitiators need to be added to SLA printing inks, and residual photoinitiators may induce cytotoxicity, a key limitation of SLA printing [103].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [103]
The Introduction says photoinitiators are critical to light-based hydrogel printing, and Results and discussion (‘Cell toxicity of TPO nanoparticles’; page unavailable) calls their toxicity a major bioprinting challenge. The paper studies DLP printing rather than SLA and does not establish that residual photoinitiators in SLA inks cause cytotoxicity; it reports that its own unreacted nanoparticles were not toxic at the tested working concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Ghazali, H. S., Askari, E., Seyfoori, A., & Naghib, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Iran University of Science and Technology (IR)
- Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Naghib, Seyed Morteza
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2023-05-26
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8577-8577
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10220070
- OpenAlex
- W4378473073
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Photopolymerization techniques and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- water-soluble photoinitiators, microemulsion synthesis, cytotoxicity, bioprinting, tissue engineering
- MeSH terms
- Water, Hydrogels, Tissue Engineering, Nanoparticles, Tissue Scaffolds, Bioprinting, Printing, Three-Dimensional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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