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Cited by 2Impact of Technology on AdolescentsDigital Media and PhilosophySexuality, Behavior, and Technology

The binge scrolling scale measures excessive scrolling through a validated three-factor structure

Open access
Savci, Mustafa, Savci, Hale, Ugur, Erol, Zincirli, Muhammed, Elhai, Jon D.·2025·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-31861-xPMC PMC12808228
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Abstract

This study developed and validated the Binge Scrolling Scale, identifying automatic scrolling, negative outcomes, and loss of control as three dimensions of excessive scrolling.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study developed and validated the 12-item Binge Scrolling Scale (BSS), which measures excessive scrolling through three factors: automatic scrolling, negative outcomes, and loss of control. Across independent EFA (N = 262), CFA (N = 233), and criterion-validity (N = 222) samples, the BSS showed acceptable factor structure, high internal consistency (α = 0.83–0.92; ω = 0.82–0.92), and positive correlations with problematic social media and internet use.

Key findings

  • EFA on the initial 13 items supported a three-factor structure; after removing BS13, the final 12-item BSS comprised automatic scrolling, negative outcomes, and loss of control. The final three-factor EFA solution fit well: χ²(33) = 59.87, RMSEA = 0.056 (90% CI [0.03, 0.08]), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.02, and accounted for 78.74% of total variance (rotated: 59.42%, 12.76%, 6.57%).
  • CFA in an independent sample supported a second-order model: χ²(51) = 166.17, RMSEA = 0.098 (90% CI [0.08, 0.12]), CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97, SRMR = 0.04. Standardized item loadings on first-order factors were λ = 0.66–0.91, and first-order factors loaded on the higher-order binge scrolling factor at λ = 0.73–0.95.
  • Criterion validity: BSS scores correlated positively with the Social Media Disorder Scale (r = .49, p < .001) and the Young Internet Addiction Test – Short Form (r = .58, p < .001). Social desirability correlations were low: MC-SDS item 7 ranged –0.16 to 0.27, and item 9 ranged –0.12 to 0.22.
  • Reliability across the three samples was high: EFA sample α = 0.92, ω = 0.92; CFA sample α = 0.92, ω = 0.91; criterion-validity sample α = 0.83, ω = 0.82. Content validity with 12 experts excluded items 1, 7, and 13 and revised item 16; cognitive interviews showed 96% inter-coder agreement.

Methods

  • Scale development followed DeVellis and Thorpe’s nine-step framework. An initial 20-item pool was refined to 16 items, then to 13 after expert content validity review, and finally to 12 after EFA. Samples included a pilot N = 21, 12 experts, cognitive interviews N = 12, social desirability N = 149, EFA N = 262, CFA N = 233, and criterion-validity N = 222; recruitment used convenience and snowball sampling in Turkey.
  • Measures included the BSS, Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS), Young Internet Addiction Test – Short Form (YIAT-SF), and two items from the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale Short Form C. Analyses used EFA and CFA in Mplus 8.11 with the WLSMV estimator for ordered categorical items; EFA used GEOMIN oblique rotation, CFA specified a second-order model, and criterion/social desirability relationships used Pearson correlations. Reliability used Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega.
  • Data were collected online with informed consent; exclusions for careless responding were 2 participants from the EFA sample, 3 from the CFA sample, and 6 from the criterion-validity sample.

Limitations

  • Stated: the cross-sectional design limits broad generalization; all data were collected in Turkey via convenience and snowball sampling, limiting cultural diversity; validity and reliability were tested in a non-clinical sample; self-report measures may not be fully objective and remain susceptible to social desirability bias; convenience sampling limits generalizability; causal relationships cannot be inferred from the criterion-validity correlations; and it remains unclear whether binge-scrolling is a unique construct or a subtype of broader digital overuse.
  • Stated: future research should use random sampling, clinical or problematic short-video consumption samples, and observational or qualitative methods to reduce self-report limitations.
  • Evident: the criterion-related validity sample is described as N = 222, but the reported sex counts (93 women, 56 men) sum to 149 and match the earlier social desirability sample, indicating an internal inconsistency in the text. The reported analyses also do not include test–retest reliability or measurement invariance testing.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-025-31861-x

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

10 of 16 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Existing scales related to problematic short video use primarily measure symptoms and criteria of addiction, such as withdrawal, tolerance, and loss of control.

    “Although scales addressing short video addiction16, problematic short-video use18, and short video dependence32 are prevalent in the literature, these instruments primarily measure the symptoms and criteria of addiction as applied to short video overuse, such as withdrawal, tolerance, and loss of control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [16] Ye, J. et al. Short video addiction scale for middle school students: development and initial validation. Sci. Rep. 15, 9903 (2025). source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says existing short-video addiction scales were adapted from other addiction scales and describes one that measures lack of control. It does not establish that these instruments primarily measure addiction symptoms or criteria, or identify withdrawal and tolerance as dimensions they measure. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [18] Xu, C. et al. The separation of adult ADHD inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity symptoms and their association with problematic Short-Video use: A structural equation modeling analysis. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 18, 461–474 (2025). source

      The Introduction describes problematic short-video use as difficult to regulate, but does not discuss what existing scales primarily measure. The Measurements section says this study adapted an eight-item Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire for short-video use; it does not give the items or establish that scales measure withdrawal, tolerance, and loss of control. Searches for those criteria and for the questionnaire found no passage that settles the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [32] Jiang, A. et al. Assessing Short-Video dependence for e-Mental health: development and validation study of the Short-Video dependence scale. J. Med. Internet Res. 27, e66341 (2025). source
  • Premisecitation

    Recent evidence suggests that technology-related problems often form a cluster of related but distinct behaviors rather than a single unified syndrome.

    “recent evidence suggests that technology-related problems often form a cluster of related but distinct behaviors rather than a single unified syndrome25,26.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K. & Potenza, M. N. Integrating psychological and Neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 71, 252–266 (2016). source
    • cites [26] Brand, M. et al. The interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 104, 1–10 (2019). source
  • Findingown data

    The BSS was positively and significantly associated with the YIAT-SF (r = .58, p < .001).

    “and the YIAT-SF (r = .58, p < .001).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “and problematic internet use18,58.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Xu, C. et al. The separation of adult ADHD inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity symptoms and their association with problematic Short-Video use: A structural equation modeling analysis. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 18, 461–474 (2025). source

      The Results section, “Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analyses” (page unavailable), reports a correlation between boredom proneness and problematic short-video use (r = 0.35, p < 0.001), not between the BSS and YIAT-SF. Searches for those instrument names and the reported r = .58 found no passage in our copy establishing the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [58] Chemnad, K., Aziz, M., Belhaouari, S. B. & Ali, R. The interplay between social media use and problematic internet usage: four behavioral patterns. Heliyon 9, e15745 (2023). source

      The Methodology > Measures section says the study measured problematic internet use with the PIUQ-SF-6, and Discussion > Limitations says it did not use the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Searches for BSS, YIAT-SF, and the reported r = .58, p < .001 association found no passage reporting that relationship in our copy (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    The BSS was positively and significantly associated with the SMDS (r = .49, p < .001).

    “the BSS was positively and significantly associated with both the SMDS (r = .49, p < .001)”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “the BSS was significantly and positively associated with both levels of problematic social media use57”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Meinhardt, L. M. et al. Scrolling in the Deep: Analysing Contextual Influences on Intervention Effectiveness during Infinite Scrolling on Social Media. In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2025). source

      The Results (pp. 6–8) report analyses of reactance and responsiveness to scrolling interventions, not an association between BSS and SMDS. Searches for “BSS,” “SMDS,” and the reported correlation found no passage in our copy supporting r = .49, p < .001. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    The final three-factor solution included no items with cross-loadings.

    “This final three-factor solution, which included no items with cross-loadings, is presented in Table 5.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
  • May combine two claims. 22
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Binge-scrolling is associated with various negative psychological outcomes, including decreased learning motivation, reduced well-being, declines in sleep quality, heightened anxiety, attention deficits, and increased ADHD symptoms.

    “This behavior has been associated with various negative outcomes, including decreased learning motivation and reduced well-being during academic activities7, as well as declines in sleep quality30.”
    • Also stated in: § The present study · plain
      “Moreover, problematic short video watching has been significantly linked to heightened anxiety symptoms31 and attention deficits, as over users report lower interest, reduced concentration, increased distractions, and shorter fixation durations compared to healthy users2.”
    • Also stated in: § The present study · hedged
      “Problematic scrolling has also been reported to be correlated with increased ADHD symptoms, indicating its potential negative impact on cognitive functioning18.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Ye, J. H., Wu, Y. T., Wu, Y. F., Chen, M. Y. & Ye, J. N. Effects of short video addiction on the motivation and Well-Being of Chinese vocational college students. Front. Public. Health 10, (2022). source
    • cites [30] Jiang, L. & Yoo, Y. Adolescents’ short-form video addiction and sleep quality: the mediating role of social anxiety. BMC Psychol. 12, 369 (2024). source
    • cites [31] Li, S., Zhao, T., Feng, N., Chen, R. & Cui, L. Why we cannot stop watching: tension and subjective anxious affect as central emotional predictors of Short-Form video addiction. Int. J. Ment Health Addict. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-025-01486-2 (2025). source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    The initial item pool was refined to 16 items after four items were excluded due to repetition.

    “During the item evaluation process, four items were found to convey the same meaning as other items and were therefore excluded due to repetition. As a result, the initial item pool was refined to 16 distinct items, which served as the foundation for subsequent scale development and validation processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The BSS showed significant positive correlations with other relevant scales, supporting criterion validity.

    “The BSS showed significant positive correlations with other relevant scales, supporting criterion validity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Item BS13 showed no meaningful loading on any factor (all loadings < |0.10|) and had an estimated residual variance close to 1.00, indicating that it did not contribute to the latent structure.

    “However, Item BS13 (“I try to be alone so I can scroll”) showed no meaningful loading on any factor (all loadings < |0.10|) and had an estimated residual variance close to 1.00, indicating that it did not contribute to the latent structure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    The initial item pool consisted of 20 items designed to reflect key aspects of scrolling from reviewed studies, scales, and theoretical explanations.

    “This preliminary item pool consisted of 20 items designed to reflect the various dimensions identified in the reviewed studies, scales, and theoretical explanations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With 12 items, the 4-factor solution converged and yielded slightly better global indices but showed estimation issues (negative residual variance for one item and a weak, poorly defined fourth factor) and was not retained.

    “A 4-factor solution also converged and yielded slightly better global indices (χ²(24) = 48.46, RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.02), but showed estimation issues (e.g., a negative residual variance for one item and a weak, poorly defined fourth factor), and therefore was not retained.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 3-factor solution for the 13-item set reached acceptable global fit on all fit indices (χ2(42) = 69.79, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.03), with substantial interfactor correlations (r = .56-0.75) and a clear simple structure for most items.

    “The 3-factor solution provided a further improvement and reached an acceptable level of global fit on all fit indices, χ²(42) = 69.79, RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI [0.03, 0.07]), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.03, with substantial interfactor correlations (r = .56–0.75) and a clear simple structure for most items.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For appropriateness of the response options, 71% of participants gave a score of 10, 14% gave a 9, and 14% gave an 8.

    “For the question assessing the appropriateness of the response options for evaluating the scale items [Do you find these response options appropriate for evaluating the following behaviors (i.e., scale items)? ], 71% of participants gave a score of 10, 14% gave a 9, and 14% gave an 8.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The 5-factor solution produced a non-identified rotated solution with implausible parameters.

    “the 5-factor solution produced a non-identified rotated solution (standard errors could not be computed, the condition number was extremely small, and several parameters, including residual variances, were implausible).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With 12 items, the 2-factor solution showed a marked improvement but poor fit based on RMSEA (χ2(43) = 173.34, RMSEA = 0.11, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97, SRMR = 0.04).

    “The 2-factor solution showed a marked improvement (but poor fit based on RMSEA), χ²(43) = 173.34, RMSEA = 0.11 (90% CI [0.09, 0.13]), CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97, SRMR = 0.04.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With 12 items, the 3-factor model provided the best balance of fit and parsimony and excellent fit for all fit indices (χ2(33) = 59.87, RMSEA = 0.056, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.02), with high primary loadings, conceptually coherent factors, and factor correlations r = .57-0.75.

    “The 3-factor model provided the best balance of fit and parsimony and excellent fit for all fit indices, χ²(33) = 59.87, RMSEA = 0.056 (90% CI [0.03, 0.08]), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.02, with high primary loadings and conceptually coherent factors, and substantial but interpretable factor correlations (r = .57–0.75).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For clarity of the response options, 81% of participants assigned a score of 10, 14% gave a 9, and 5% gave an 8.

    “for the question regarding the clarity of the response options [Q1: How clear and understandable do you find the response options (Never – Always)? ], 81% of participants assigned a score of 10, 14% gave a 9, and 5% gave an 8.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Standardized loadings of the items on their respective first-order factors were high (λ = 0.66-0.91), and the first-order factors loaded strongly on the higher-order factor (λ = 0.73-0.95).

    “Standardized loadings of the items on their respective first-order factors were high (λ = 0.66–0.91), and the first-order factors loaded strongly on the higher-order factor (λ = 0.73–0.95)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The BSS demonstrated high internal consistency across three independent samples (EFA sample: α = 0.92, ω = 0.92; CFA sample: α = 0.92, ω = 0.91; criterion-related validity sample: α = 0.83, ω = 0.82).

    “In the EFA sample, the internal consistency was high, with a Cronbach’s alpha (α) of 0.92 and a McDonald’s omega (ω) of 0.92.”
    • Also stated in: § Step 8: Evaluate the items · plain
      “In the CFA sample, Cronbach’s alpha (α) was 0.92 and McDonald’s omega (ω) was 0.91.”
    • Also stated in: § Step 8: Evaluate the items · plain
      “In the criterion-related validity sample, Cronbach’s alpha (α) was 0.83 and McDonald’s omega (ω) was 0.82.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Social desirability bias was assessed using two items from the Marlowe-Crowne Scale in a sample of 149 participants, and low correlations indicated minimal bias.

    “We assessed social desirability bias using two items from the Marlowe-Crowne Scale in a sample of 149 participants; low correlations indicated minimal bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Cognitive interviewing found that all items reflected the intended construct and prompted participants to consider the targeted concept while responding.

    “As shown in Table 4, we found that all items reflected the intended construct and prompted participants to consider the targeted concept while responding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Binge-scrolling should be conceptualized not merely as a problematic behavior itself but as a potential mediating variable contributing to the development of various problematic Internet use behaviors.

    “Notably, binge-scrolling should be conceptualized not merely as a problematic behavior itself but as a potential mediating variable contributing to the development of various problematic Internet use behaviors1,10.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Park, J. & Jung, Y. Unveiling the dynamics of binge-scrolling: A comprehensive analysis of short-form video consumption using a Stimulus-Organism-Response model. Telematics Inform. 95, 102200 (2024). source
    • cites [10] Karunakaran, R., Ram, R. G. & S, A. M. K. Antecedents of Binge-Scrolling Short-form Videos. In: 2022 International Conference on Innovations in Science and Technology for Sustainable Development (ICISTSD) 134–138 (IEEE, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISTSD55159.2022.10010460 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The BSS items have generally low correlations with social desirability items, suggesting that the two sets of items tap into distinct constructs with minimal overlap.

    “These findings indicate that the BSS items have generally low correlations with social desirability items, suggesting that the two sets of items tap into distinct constructs with minimal overlap.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The 4- and 5-factor models were not trustworthy and therefore were not interpreted.

    “these identification problems indicate that the 4- and 5-factor models were not trustworthy and therefore were not interpreted.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Cognitive interviews with a pilot sample supported item clarity and interpretability, with 96% inter-coder agreement.

    “Cognitive interviews with a pilot sample supported item clarity and interpretability, with 96% inter-coder agreement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The agreement rate between the two independent coders was 96%, demonstrating a high level of inter-rater reliability.

    “Additionally, the agreement rate between the two independent coders was 96%, demonstrating a high level of inter-rater reliability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The remaining items demonstrated adequate content validity and were retained in the scale.

    “The remaining items demonstrated adequate content validity and were retained in the scale.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The response format was perceived very positively overall.

    “These results suggest that the response format was perceived very positively overall.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Item 16 was identified as borderline and was subsequently revised.

    “Item 16 was identified as borderline and was subsequently revised.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Self-reported data may not provide completely objective results.

    “While collecting such data is often unavoidable in testing psychometric instruments, self-reported data may not provide completely objective results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The BSS may fill a gap in problematic media use research by examining the psychological and physical impacts of excessive use itself.

    “Therefore, the BSS may fill a gap in problematic media use research by examining the psychological and physical impacts of excessive use itself.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Automatic scrolling, negative outcomes, and loss of control reflect a common underlying binge scrolling construct while retaining distinct but related dimensions.

    “indicating that automatic scrolling, negative outcomes, and loss of control reflect a common underlying binge scrolling construct while retaining distinct but related dimensions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    All data were collected in Turkey through convenience and snowball sampling, which limits cultural diversity across samples and may constrain generalizability of the findings.

    “All data were collected in Turkey through convenience and snowball sampling methods, which support internal consistency but limits cultural diversity across samples. This restricted variability may constrain generalizability of the findings and should be acknowledged as a key limitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
28 of 28

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentχ²(23) = 21.75reported p = .54 · recomputed p = .535

    “χ2(23) = 21.75, p = .54”

1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Pilot sample's sampling method differs between text and table

    Minor

    The methods describe the 21-person pilot sample as recruited through convenience sampling, while Table 2 labels its method purposive sampling.

  • Cognitive-interview sampling method differs between text and table

    Minor

    The methods describe convenience sampling for the 12 cognitive-interview participants, whereas Table 2 calls it purposive sampling.

  • Criterion-validity sample demographics total 149, not 222

    Minor

    The reported counts of 93 women and 56 men sum to 149, not the stated 222 participants. The same demographic counts are reported for the separate 149-person social-desirability sample.

    Reported 222 · recomputed 149

  • Another cited study uses the term "binge-scrolling"

    Minor

    The paper says Park and Jung's is the only study to directly use the term, but a cited study has "Binge-Scrolling" in its title.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. DeVellis, R. F. T. C. T. Scale Development: Theory and Applications (5th Edition)Sage publications,. (2022).
  2. The European Commission (EC). Commission Opens Formal Proceedings against Meta under the Digital Services Act Related to the Protection of Minors on Facebook and Instagram. (2024).

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Savci, M., Savci, H., Ugur, E., Zincirli, M., & Elhai, J. D.
Affiliations
  • Fırat University (TR)
  • University of Toledo (US)
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-12-17
Volume
16
Issue
1
Pages
2160-2160
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41598-025-31861-x
PMC
PMC12808228
OpenAlex
W4417411271
Semantic Scholar
50c70d66d9135c58d8e59f9900d4f6b6dcc5fbe1
Cited by
2
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 2
FWCI
3.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DSpace - FIRAT (Fırat University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Firat U (EF.25.10)
  • Firat Üniversitesi (EF.25.10)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
Keywords
scale development, loss of control, adverse outcomes, digital addiction, factor structure, psychometric validation

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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