The interplay between social media use and problematic internet usage: Four behavioral patterns
Open accessAbstract
Objective The study aims to identify typical interplay between the use of social media apps on smartphones and Problematic Internet Usage (PIU). Method Our study utilizes data from a smartphone app that objectively monitors user usage, including the apps used and the start and finish times of each app session. This study included 334 participants who declared a need to be aware of their smartphone usage and control it. Problematic Internet Usage (PIU) was measured using the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire-Short Form-6 (PIUQ-SF6). The total PIU score can range from 6 to 30, with a score above 15 indicating that a person is at risk of PIU. Time spent on Social Media (SM) apps of Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram, and whether people used each of these apps were studied along with the total PIU score. K-Prototype clustering was utilized for the analysis. Results Four distinct clusters, typifying the relationship between social media use and PIU, were identified. All the individuals in Cluster 1 ( Light SM Use Cluster; Cluster size = 270, 80.84% of total dataset) spent between 0 and 109.01 min on Instagram, between 0 and 69.84 min on Facebook, and between 0 and 86.42 min on WhatsApp and its median PIU score was 17. Those who were in cluster 2 ( Highly Visual SM Cluster; Cluster size = 23, 6.89% of total dataset) all used Instagram, and each member spent between 110 and 307.63 min on Instagram daily. The cluster median PIU score and average daily usage of Instagram were respectively 20 and 159.66 min. Those who were in Cluster 3 ( Conversational SM Cluster; Cluster size = 19, 5.69% of total dataset) all used WhatsApp, and spent between 76.68 and 225.22 min on WhatsApp daily. The cluster median PIU score and average time spent per day on WhatsApp were 20 and 132.65 min, respectively. Those who were in Cluster 4 ( Social Networking Cluster; (Cluster size = 22, 6.59% of total dataset) all used Facebook, and each spent between 73.09 and 272.85 min daily on Facebook. The cluster median PIU score and average time spent per day on Facebook were 18 and 133.61 min respectively. Conclusion The clusters indicate that those who use a particular social media app spend significantly less time on other social media apps. This indicates that problematic attachment to social media occurs primarily for one of three reasons: visual content and reels, conversations with peers, or surfing network content and news. This finding will help tailor interventions to fit each cluster, for example by strengthening interpersonal skills and resistance to peer pressure in the case of Cluster 3 and increasing impulse control in the case of Cluster 2.
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The BSS was positively and significantly associated with the YIAT-SF (r = .58, p < .001).
“and the YIAT-SF (r = .58, p < .001).”
From The binge scrolling scale measures excessive scrolling through a validated three-factor structure (2025) · cites this paper as [58]
The Methodology > Measures section says the study measured problematic internet use with the PIUQ-SF-6, and Discussion > Limitations says it did not use the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Searches for BSS, YIAT-SF, and the reported r = .58, p < .001 association found no passage reporting that relationship in our copy (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.75)
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“Specifically, and consistent with previous research, the BSS was significantly and positively associated with both levels of problematic social media use 57 and problematic internet use 18,58 .”
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Obregón, J. N. G., & Manzano, F. R. G. (2025) · Arandu-UTIC. · doi:10.69639/arandu.v11i2.528 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Subedi, P., C., S. B. G., Gurung, S. K., Poudel, R. L., Sharma, S., & Dhungana, B. R. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2470189 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Török, I. A., Herold, R., Bandi, S. A., Varga, J. É., Rózsa, S., Somlai, E. H., & Kállai, J. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100697 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chrysin as a Chemosensitizer: Molecular Insights into Its Role in Prostate Cancer Treatment
Panneerselvam, S., Hussain, S., & Jeyavelkumaran, R. (2025) · Journal of Bio-X Research · doi:10.34133/jbioxresearch.0060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hillier, S. L., Clough, B. A., & Alavi, M. (2026) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2026.124665 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herlinda, H., Mazdadi, M. I., Muliadi, M., Kartini, D., & Budiman, I. (2023) · JUITA Jurnal Informatika · doi:10.30595/juita.v11i2.17920 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Game in the Context of Social Dramaturgy
Валериановна, М. Л., & Shipunova, O. D. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48020-1_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lei, Z., & Bashah, N. S. K. (2024) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4352-4364
Wang, M., & Ye, Y. (2026) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1177/21522715261440997
Çelik, A. A., Altındağ, E., & Balcıoğlu, Y. S. (2026) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2026.100339
Rosyid, A., Aryani, A. T. D., & Arifin, S. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-01828-9
Wakie, S. A., Aweke, K. W., Teferi, M. G., Tesfaye, Z. H., Shukralla, N. A., Wondimagegnehu, M. B., & Gizaw, A. W. (2026) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036261474922
FRANCISCONI, J. G. G., COLOMBO, N. T., & Mól, D. A. R. (2026) · Unifunec Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.24980/ucm.v15i18.6753
Zainel, A. A., Kaissi, D. B. E., Mohamed, H. A., Nuaimi, A. S. A., Syed, M. A., & Syed, M. A. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7050234
Varghese, S., & Naik, A. R. (2026) · Journal of Research in Health Sciences · doi:10.34172/jrhs.12747
- Authors
- Chemnad, K., Aziz, M., Belhaouari, S. B., & Ali, R.
- Affiliations
- Hamad bin Khalifa University (QA)
- Corresponding author
- Chemnad, Khansa
- Aziz, Maryam
- Ali, Raian
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-05
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e15745
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10163648
- OpenAlex
- W4366824939
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 9.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Qatar National Library
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- problematic internet use, social media use, smartphone app usage, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, behavioral patterns, screen time monitoring, social networking apps, k-prototypes clustering, digital addiction prevention
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