The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism
Open accessAbstract
Exercise improves health and well-being across diverse organ systems, and elucidating mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise can lead to new therapies. Here, we show that transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is secreted from adipose tissue in response to exercise and improves glucose tolerance in mice. We identify TGF-β2 as an exercise-induced adipokine in a gene expression analysis of human subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies after exercise training. In mice, exercise training increases TGF-β2 in scWAT, serum, and its secretion from fat explants. Transplanting scWAT from exercise-trained wild type mice, but not from adipose tissue-specific Tgfb2-/- mice, into sedentary mice improves glucose tolerance. TGF-β2 treatment reverses the detrimental metabolic effects of high fat feeding in mice. Lactate, a metabolite released from muscle during exercise, stimulates TGF-β2 expression in human adipocytes. Administration of the lactate-lowering agent dichloroacetate during exercise training in mice decreases circulating TGF-β2 levels and reduces exercise-stimulated improvements in glucose tolerance. Thus, exercise training improves systemic metabolism through inter-organ communication with fat via a lactate-TGF-β2-signaling cycle.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), an exercise-induced adipokine, is stimulated by exercise-induced lactate, enhancing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and boosting mitochondrial function, shedding light on adipose–muscle tissue crosstalk [79] (Table 1).”
From Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, exercise-trained WAT fosters the generation of thermogenic brown-like adipocytes with specific adipokines, including TGF-β [79], apelin, follistatin, and myostatin (Figure 3) [80,81].”
From Exerkines and Sarcopenia: Unveiling the Mechanism Behind Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Homeostasis (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Exercise-related paracrine effects are also observed in the nervous system53, adipose tissue42,54–58, bone59–61, cartilage62, extracellular matrix63,64 and the immune system65,66.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“In a mouse model, specific lactate exposure in vitro and in vivo increased adipocyte expression of TGFβ2 (REF.42).”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“in a mouse model of chronic exercise, increased adipocyte levels of TGFβ2 expression and secretion were associated with improvements in glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation and a possible reduction of adipose tissue inflammation.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Parallel findings were also observed in humans undertaking chronic exercise, albeit to a less pronounced degree than the animal model observations42.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Subramanian, A., Tamayo, P., Mootha, V. K., Mukherjee, S., Ebert, B. L., Gillette, M. A., Paulovich, A., Pomeroy, S. L., Golub, T. R., Lander, E. S., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506580102 · Cited by 53,625
limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies
Ritchie, M. E., Phipson, B., Wu, D., Hu, Y., Law, C. W., Shi, W., & Smyth, G. K. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv007 · Cited by 40,458
Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics
Gentleman, R. C., Carey, V. J., Bates, D. M., Bolstad, B., Dettling, M., Dudoit, S., Ellis, B., Gautier, L., Ge, Y., Gentry, J., et al. (2004) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80 · Cited by 12,082
Massagué, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.753 · Cited by 7,571
Xu, H., Barnes, G. T., Yang, Q., Tan, G., Yang, D., Chou, C. J., Sole, J., Nichols, A., Ross, J. S., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319451 · Cited by 6,760
A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis
Boström, P., Wu, J., Jedrychowski, M. P., Korde, A., Ye, L., Lo, J. C., Rasbach, K. A., Boström, E. A., Choi, J. H., Long, J. Z., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10777 · Cited by 4,810
Wu, Z., Puigserver, P., Andersson, U., Zhang, C., Adelmant, G., Mootha, V., Troy, A., Cinti, S., Lowell, B., Scarpulla, R. C., et al. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80611-x · Cited by 4,139
Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., & Laye, M. J. (2012) · Comprehensive Physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110025 · Cited by 2,575
Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Stensel, D. J., Lindley, M. R., Mastana, S. S., & Nimmo, M. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3041 · Cited by 2,470
TGF-β signaling and the fibrotic response
Leask, A., & Abraham, D. J. (2004) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-1273rev · Cited by 2,319
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- de Martin, R. et al. Complementary DNA for human glioblastoma-derived T cell suppressor factor, a novel member of the transforming growth factor-β gene family. EMBO J. 6, 3673–3677 (1987). · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 203
Jung, Y. S., Kim, Y., Radhakrishnan, K., Kim, J., Lee, I., Cho, S. J., Kim, D., Dooley, S., Lee, C., & Choi, H. (2021) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-021-03112-1 · Cited by 14
Decoding the body language of immunity: Tackling the immune system at the organism level
Chevrier, N. (2019) · Current Opinion in Systems Biology · doi:10.1016/j.coisb.2019.10.010 · Cited by 13
McKie, G. L., & Wright, D. C. (2021) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2021.0171 · Cited by 14
Effects of Lactate Administration on Mitochondrial Respiratory Function in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Takahashi, K., Tamura, Y., Kitaoka, Y., Matsunaga, Y., & Hatta, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.920034 · Cited by 13
He, C., Pin, Y., Zhang, X., Esmaeili, E., Li, Y., Lü, P., & Cai, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210381 · Cited by 13
“Because TGF-β3 is similar to TGF-β1 in immunity, it is expected to be a focus in future disease research [20,21].”
BackgroundVamvini, M. T., Nigro, P., Caputo, T., Stanford, K., Hirshman, M. F., Middelbeek, R. J. W., & Goodyear, L. J. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114481 · Cited by 13
Chen, Z., Gong, Y., Chen, F., Lee, H. J., Qian, J., Zhao, J. C., Zhang, W., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Xu, Q., et al. (2024) · 癌症：英文版 · doi:10.1002/cac2.12644 · Cited by 13
Recent advances in targeting obesity, with a focus on TGF-β signaling and vagus nerve innervation
John, S., Bhowmick, K., PARK, A. W., Huang, H., Yang, X., & Mishra, L. (2025) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-025-00172-x · Cited by 15
“Exercise induces the second ligand, TGF-β2 via lactate signaling, which enhances glucose and fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue (Takahashi et al. 2019).”
He, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Xiong, Y., Li, Y., Chen, J., & Lin, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.900179 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, the consumers demand for goat meat and quality requirements continue to rise (Ivanovic et al., 2016; Teixeira et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWang, N., Zhu, S., Chen, S., Zou, J., Zeng, P., & Tan, S. (2025) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2024-0147 · Cited by 12
Peripheral immune and metabolic regulation of Aβ and Tau by exercise in Alzheimer’s disease
Yu, Y., & Chen, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1678526 · Cited by 14
Mastrototaro, L., & Roden, M. (2023) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.202300078 · Cited by 13
Longenecker, J. Z., Petrosino, J. M., Martens, C. R., Hinger, S. A., Royer, C. J., Dorn, L. E., Branch, D. A., Serrano, J., Stanford, K. I., Kyriazis, G. A., et al. (2021) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101343 · Cited by 14
“In the study by Goodyear and colleagues, exercise specifically induced TGF-b2 in subcutaneous fat [30].”
BackgroundRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation in exercised heart: Mechanisms and opportunities for intervention
Wang, L., Wan, W., Zhang, S., Keswani, T., Li, G., & Xiao, J. (2024) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2024.101274 · Cited by 11
Major Advances and Discoveries in Diabetes - 2019 in Review
Zierath, J. R. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1255-x · Cited by 13
Ratajczak, M., Krzywicka, M., Szulińska, M., Musiałowska, D., Kusy, K., & Karolkiewicz, J. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s432954 · Cited by 14
Esaki, N., Matsui, T., & Tsuda, T. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo03287f · Cited by 10
Exercise-mediated circulating metabolites for brain health
Wang, M., Nasb, M., Wu, T., Jia, M., & So, K. (2024) · Advanced Exercise and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.aehs.2024.11.001 · Cited by 11
Aging: A struggle for beneficial to overcome negative factors made by muscle and bone
Welc, S. S., Brotto, M., White, K. E., & Bonewald, L. F. (2025) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2025.112039 · Cited by 11
Exercise training remodels inter-organ endocrine networks
Ahn, C., Hevener, A. L., Goodyear, L. J., Bodine, S. C., Esser, K. A., Seldin, M. M., & Sparks, L. M. (2025) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102219 · Cited by 9
Ovchinnikov, A. N., Deryugina, A. V., & Paoli, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.893515 · Cited by 11
Zhou, H., Chen, P., Dai, F., & Wang, J. (2021) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02838-2 · Cited by 10
Yao, Z., Liang, S., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Chen, W., & Li, H. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06899 · Cited by 10
González-Franquesa, A., Peijs, L., Cervone, D. T., Koçana, C., Zierath, J. R., & Deshmukh, A. S. (2021) · Proteomes · doi:10.3390/proteomes9030037 · Cited by 9
“The Tgf-β family of proteins have emerged as beneficial coordinators of skeletal muscle metabolic responses to exercise [52], but have also been linked to the regulation of metabolism in several tissues, particularly in obesity and type 2 diabetes [53,54].”
BackgroundSun, Y., Liu, L., & Qiu, C. (2022) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.044 · Cited by 9
CHEN, M., Zhou, L., CHEN, S., Shangguan, R., QU, Y., & SUN, J. (2021) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.934722 · Cited by 10
“Studies regarding how TGF-β2 responds to regular exercise are limited(Takahashi et al., 2019).”
BackgroundThe shades of grey in adipose tissue reprogramming
Qi, Y., & Hui, X. H. (2022) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20212358 · Cited by 9
Joisten, N., Schenk, A., & Zimmer, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.611193 · Cited by 9
“During the past decade, a rising number of promising articles (e.g., Agudelo et al., 2014; Pedersen et al., 2016; Takahashi et al., 2019; Brett et al., 2020; MacDonald et al., 2020) uncovered different metabolic mechanisms of exercise in animal models, which are either involved in the alleviation…”
BackgroundExercise‐regulated white adipocyte differentitation: An insight into its role and mechanism
Yan, L.-J., & Guo, L. (2023) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.31056 · Cited by 9
TGF-β2 enhances glycolysis in chondrocytes via TβRI/p-Smad3 signaling pathway
Wei, J., Xu, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Li, J., Duan, M., Niu, Z., Huang, M., Zhang, D., et al. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119788 · Cited by 7
Heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles in porcine myoblasts regulates adipocyte differentiation
Qin, M., Xing, L., Wen, S., Luo, J., Sun, J., Chen, T., Zhang, Y., & Xi, Q. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77110-5 · Cited by 7
“Obesity and exercise have a significant impact on WAT and SkM, making them the primary subjects of tissue-level studies 11–13 .”
Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Song, H., Li, M., Shi, W., Yu, T., Lin, J., & Yu, Y. (2025) · Orthopaedic Surgery · doi:10.1111/os.14365 · Cited by 8
“It has also been found that lactic acid released in muscles during exercise stimulates TGF-β2 expression, thereby protecting cartilage [108].”
InfluentialFractalkine is a key player in skeletal muscle metabolism and pathophysiology
Swalsingh, G., Pani, P., Sadayappan, S., & Bal, N. C. (2025) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.70267 · Cited by 12
Zhang, H., Simpson, L. K., Carbone, N. P., Hirshman, M. F., Nigro, P., Vamvini, M. T., Goodyear, L. J., & Middelbeek, R. J. W. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107226 · Cited by 9
Yao, Z., Liang, S., Chen, J., Dai, Y., Zhang, H., Li, H., & Chen, W. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00982 · Cited by 6
Lactylation in cancer: Advances and opportunities for treatment resistance
Xu, K., Shou, Y., Liu, R., Xiong, H., Dai, X., Bao, X., Chen, X., Huang, L., Sheng, H., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.70478 · Cited by 6
“63,64 In Treg cells, TGF-β signalling is activated through lactylation of Lys72 in MOESIN, enhancing the interaction between MOESIN and TGF-β , thereby promoting downstream signalling.”
Exercise-induced intertissue communication: adipose tissue and the heart
Blackwell, J. A., & Stanford, K. I. (2022) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100626 · Cited by 6
Lactate coordinated with exercise promoted the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue
Chen, X., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, W., Su, J., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-023-01004-9 · Cited by 6
Kyun, S., Kim, J., Hwang, D., Jang, I., Choi, J., Kim, J., Jung, W., Hwang, H., Kim, S.-W., Kim, J.-Y., et al. (2023) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2023.0013 · Cited by 6
Model characteristics of competition performance in terms of athletes’ functional fit-ness
Balberova, O. V., Sidorkina, E. G., Koshkina, K. S., Plachy, J. K., & Быков, Е. В. (2021) · Science for Education Today · doi:10.15293/2658-6762.2103.09 · Cited by 6
Wu, O., Leng, J. H., Zhang, X. Y., Liu, W. Y., Zhang, H., Yang, F. F., Li, J. J., Zhang, G. Z., & Lu, X. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1080/10641963.2021.1984500 · Cited by 6
Tomiga, Y., Higaki, Y., Anzai, K., & Takahashi, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.969480 · Cited by 6
“Chronic TGF-β2 infusion was performed as previously described (Takahashi et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExerkines: Benign adaptation for exercise and benefits for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Jin, X., Hong, S., & Tian, H. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150305 · Cited by 5
Chen, L.-S., & Liu, L. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.07.024 · Cited by 5
Adipose Tissue Lipid Metabolism During Exercise
Horowitz, J. F. (2022) · Physiology in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9_7 · Cited by 5
Liang, C., Li, X., Song, G., Schmidt, S. F., Sun, L., Chen, J., Pan, X., Zhao, H., & Yan, Y. (2024) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202302598rr · Cited by 5
Reply to ‘Lactate as a major myokine and exerkine’
Chow, L. S., Gerszten, R. E., Taylor, J. M., Pedersen, B. K., van Praag, H., Trappe, S. W., Febbraio, M. A., Galis, Z. S., Gao, Y., Haus, J. M., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00726-y · Cited by 5
Raun, S. H., Pham, T. C. P., Viggars, M. R., Ato, S., Takagaki, Y., Yan, Z., Bock, K. D., Hornberger, T. A., Richter, E. A., Auwerx, J. H., et al. (2026) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2026.03.005 · Cited by 5
The Role of Exerkines in Obesity-Induced Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Thermogenic Fat
Shao, H., Zhang, H., & Jia, D. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14050287 · Cited by 4
“The exerkines (myokines, adipokines, batokines) released during exercise have the potential to improve glucose and lipid metabolism, ameliorate mitochondrial homeostasis, and stimulate fat browning and thermogenesis in response to obesity-associated metabolic diseases.”
BackgroundYoo, C., Kim, J., Kyun, S., Hashimoto, T., Tomi, H., & Lim, K. (2022) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2022.0019 · Cited by 4
“…has been recently reported to be strongly associated with transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), which improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, increases fatty acid uptake and oxidation, and stimulates glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle, heart, and brown adipose tissue 31 .”
BackgroundSynthesis and application of a photocaged-l-lactate for studying the biological roles of l-lactate
Miyazaki, I., Tsao, K., Kamijo, Y., Nasu, Y., Terai, T., & Campbell, R. E. (2025) · Communications Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s42004-025-01495-1 · Cited by 4
Zdziechowski, A., Gluba-Brzózka, A., Rysz, J., & Woldańska-Okońska, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098109 · Cited by 4
“Apart from metabolic benefits (insulin resistance reduction, thermogenesis improvement, better fat rich diet tolerance), TGF-β2 reduces inflammation [63].”
BackgroundSingle-cell dissection of obesity-exercise axis in adipose-muscle tissuesPreprint
Yang, J., Vamvini, M. T., Nigro, P., Ho, L., Galani, K., Alvarez, M., Tanigawa, Y., Laakso, M., Agudelo, L. Z., Pajukanta, P., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469622 · Cited by 4
“scWAT separately; (5) varying the length of 525 high-fat diet and exercise, and the specific diet and exercise types; (6) testing mice of different ages; 526 and (7) profiling epigenomic, splicing, proteomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, phosphorylation, and other 527 molecular phenotypes.”
MethodChen, W., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Z., Yang, Y., Guo, G., Sun, Y., Zhang, T., Zhang, Z., Zeng, L., Huang, W., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202417558 · Cited by 3
Athamneh, A. A., Farfoura, M. E., Khaleel, A., & Connie, T. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes17010028 · Cited by 3
“Women with PCOS may be more susceptible to health issues such as insulin resistance due to the direct effect of TGF β on glucose uptake and insulin signalling, as well as its potential to hinder glucose transport into muscle [14–16].”
A new metabolic role for TGFβ2
Starling, S. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0183-9 · Cited by 3
Vidal, P., Baer, L. A., Félix‐Soriano, E., Yang, F. T., Branch, D. A., Baskin, K. K., & Stanford, K. I. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061201 · Cited by 3
Induction of apoptosis by oridonin in nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma cells
Chen, H., Yuan, X., Wang, Z., Dong, F., Luo, X., Yang, J., Ma, Y., Liu, J., Wang, X., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.22251 · Cited by 3
“Among them, the TGFB2 gene is a transforming growth factor β (TGFB) family cytokine, and TGF β 2 controls key physiological processes, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, through the signaling of type I and type II receptors (TGF β R1 and TGF β R2) (Takahashi et al., 2019).”
Chatterjee, N., Song, W., Dumesic, P. A., Spiegelman, B. M., & Perrimon, N. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477603 · Cited by 3
Editorial: Integrative exercise endocrinology
Borer, K. T., Sousa, M. J. D., Nindl, B. C., Stanford, K. I., & Pedersen, B. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1350462 · Cited by 4
Global multi-omics analysis of exerkines in progressive treadmill-exercised rodentsPreprint
Taha, H. B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.08.627439 · Cited by 3
Ultrasound Responsive Nanotherapeutics for Multimodal Reprogramming of Obese Fat
Zheng, L., Leoi, M. W. N., Than, A., Leow, M. K., Shabbir, A., Li, D., & Chen, P. (2025) · ACS Nano Medicine · doi:10.1021/acsnanomed.5c00047 · Cited by 2
How Exercise Affects Exerkines in Metabolic Syndrome
Babaei, P., & Yadegari, F. (2025) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-2720-5398 · Cited by 2
Zhang, J., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Shang, H., Zheng, W., Jin, L., Xie, P., Li, Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2026) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2026.03.012 · Cited by 2
Adipose tissue as a humoral–neuronal hub in metabolic regulation
Tsuji, T., & Tseng, Y. (2026) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-026-01265-6 · Cited by 5
“Similarly, transforming growth factor β2, production of which is induced in WAT by exercise in both mice and humans, improves glucose tolerance by enhancing substrate utilization in muscle 89 .”
Fliflet, A. M., Spradlin, R. A., Tan, Y., Vijayan, A. N., Choi, S. J., Kao, W., Aksamitiene, E., Nelappana, M. B., Ding, S., Huang, K., et al. (2026) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202505096rr · Cited by 2
Jang, I., Kyun, S., Hwang, D., Kim, T., Lim, K., Park, H., Kim, S.-W., & Kim, J. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14040220 · Cited by 3
Exercise – not as hot as you think
Aldiss, P. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278528 · Cited by 2
C1QBP Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression and Lipid Accumulation by Negatively Regulating ALDH9A1
Liu, X., Li, J., Du, R., Qiao, Q., Liu, S., Zhu, B., Chen, R., Dong, Y., Xiao, X., Pan, Y., et al. (2025) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/mc.23904 · Cited by 1
Seldeen, K., Wang, N., Muthaiah, R., Treanor, O. P., Davis, A. L., Chaves, L., Thiyagarajan, R., Marzullo, B. J., Yergeau, D., & Troen, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17233733 · Cited by 1
“TGF-β has also been reported as an exercise-induced cytokine that improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, increases fatty acid uptake and oxidation, and stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, the heart, and BAT [56].”
Cross-Platform Transcriptomic Analysis of 40 Human and Rodent Skeletal Muscle Exerkines
Taha, H. B., Robbins, N., Zoha, F.-S., Zhu, S., Vivek, N., & Bogoniewski, A. (2026) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles5010015 · Cited by 1
“Both TGF β 1 and TGF β 2 have been reported to increase following acute and/or chronic exercise in humans and rodent models [103–106].”
The Biological Actions and Regulations of Lactic Acid-Linked Histone Lactylation
Zhu, Y., Li, K., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Zhu, C., Zhu, C., Yuan, L., Hu, P., Liu, H., & Cai, D. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15100774 · Cited by 3
“This enhances the activation of matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) and increases the metastasis of glioma [51].”
Vigneron, E., Vignau, J., Lowyck, O., den Bossche, V. V., Ambroise, J., Kieffer, Y., Mechta‐Grigoriou, F., Rizzi, I., Giolito, M. V., Desgres, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-026-03765-9 · Cited by 1
Physical Activity and Inflammation
Loretelli, C., D’Addio, F., Nasr, M. B., & Fiorina, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27192-2_9 · Cited by 1
Organism-wide secretome mapping uncovers pathways of tissue crosstalk in exercisePreprint
Wei, W., Riley, N., Lyu, X., Shen, X.-T., Guo, J., Zhao, M., Moya-Garzon, M. D., Basu, H., Tung, A., Li, V. L., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.11.21.517385 · Cited by 1
The synergistic effect of TGM2 and TGFβ2 on the prognosis of colon cancer patientsPreprint
Shi, L., Wang, Y., Cheng, Z., Lv¹, Z., Lu, R., & Gao, H. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2781254/v1 · Cited by 1
Özcan, L. (2019) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aax0874
Franco, F. N., & Porto, M. A. N. (2019) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research · doi:10.17554/j.issn.2224-3992.2019.08.822
Exercise training of mice – a heated topic
Raun, S. H. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp278715
“This is in contrast to a recently published study performed on male mice (Takahashi et al. 2019) and a study published as a pre-print manuscript performed on female mice (Raun et al. 2019), both showing a 35–40% reduction in the daily running distance when housing mice in thermoneutral conditions.”
ResultАкцессорный синхизит из щелочных гранитов Шаншальского интрузива (Центральный Казахстан
Степанов, В. И., Шульга, Г. Г., & Спиридонов, Э. М. (1982)
He, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Xiong, Y., Li, Y., Chen, J., & Lin, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-597449/v1
日本人にとってリゾ-トとは,余暇とは ("日本型"リゾ-ト再考 )
佐藤, 節. (1992) · 農林統計調査
Sarsenbayeva, A., Pereira, M. J., Jui, B. N., Ahmed, F., Dipta, P., Fanni, G., Almby, K. E., Kristófi, R., Hetty, S., & Eriksson, J. W. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4002214
Exercise interventions in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Moreno‐Asso, A., Patten, R. K., & McIlvenna, L. C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89843-0.00020-9 · Cited by 1
Brain Health in Metabolic Disease and Exercise
Tomiga, Y. (2024) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815313925124010006
ZAG promotes exercise performance during endurance exercise by lipid utilization in skeletal muscle
Li, Y., Sun, H., He, X., Suo, X., Fan, G., & Yang, X. (2025) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0137
Middelbeek, R. J. W., Yang, J., Nigro, P., James, B. T., Papadopoulos, D., Simpson, L. K., Park, J., Vamvini, M. T., Ho, L., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.11.681273
“Using unbiased molecular analyses, we and others have shown that exercise training in mouse models can induce structural and functional adaptations to a number of biological processes and pathways in scWAT including increased innervation and vascularization 12–14 .”
Prokaryotic expression, polyclonal antibody production, and application of yak TGF-β2
Chen, Y., Pan, Y., Yu, S., Wang, J., & Fan, J. (2025) · Animal Reproduction · doi:10.1590/1984-3143-ar2025-0006
Kim, Y., Kim, J., You, H., Kim, S. E., Jih, M., Koh, J., & Lee, B. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8023093/v1
Chen, X., Huang, W., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Xing, Z., Guo, L., Jiang, H., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24165124
Chen, X., Huang, W., Zhang, J., Li, Y., Xing, Z., Guo, L., Jiang, H., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24165127
Zhang, H., Xu, J., Xu, B., & Shang, X. (2026) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-025-05468-9
Croyances populaires versus réalités physiologiques : le lactate réhabilité
Hobbs, T., Dargaud, M., Gallot, Y. S., Biondi, O., Malgoyre, A., & Thomas, C. (2025) · Biologie Aujourd hui · doi:10.1051/jbio/2025010
Novel Mechanisms Mediating the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Metabolic Health
Goodyear, L. J. (2026) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm.75.4
Robbins, J., Katz, D. H., Many, G. M., Rao, P., Smith, G. R., Tiwari, G., Jin, C. A., Spielmann, G., Montalvo, S., Iyer, G. R., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.704798 · Cited by 2
CD98hc, une histoire au long cours(t)
Ibrahim, A. Y. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4f8263c2za7cdz4fb6za204z666831bd12b6
Su, C., Hasebe, M., van der Graaf, A., Yang, Y., Tsao, H. M., Smith, L., Butler‐Laporte, G., Zhou, S., Zhang, W., Lu, T., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.01.26352257
Liang, Y.-H., & Yang, Y.-Q. (2026) · Nature Advance · doi:10.61958/nawe6083
Abdolmaleky, H. M., Nohesara, S., Subramonian, R., Duraiarasan, K., Dorzin, M., Zhou, J., Pettinato, G., & Thiagalingam, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27125456
Metadata
- Authors
- Takahashi, H., Alves, C. R. R., Stanford, K. I., Middelbeek, R. J. W., Nigro, P., Ryan, R. E., Xue, R., Sakaguchi, M., Lynes, M. D., So, K., Mul, J. D., Lee, M.-Y., Balan, E., Pan, H., Dreyfuss, J. M., Hirshman, M. F., Azhar, M., Hannukainen, J. C., Nuutila, P., Kalliokoski, K. K., Nielsen, S., Pedersen, B. K., Kahn, C. R., Tseng, Y.-H., & Goodyear, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Goodyear, Laurie J.
- ORCID
- Takahashi, Hirokazu
- Alves, Christiano R. R.
- Stanford, Kristin I.
- Middelbeek, Roeland J. W.
- Nigro, Pasquale
- Sakaguchi, Masaji
- Lynes, Matthew D.
- Mul, Joram D.
- Pan, Hui
- Dreyfuss, Jonathan M.
- Hirshman, Michael F.
- Azhar, Mohamad
- Hannukainen, Jarna C.
- Nuutila, Pirjo
- Kalliokoski, Kari K.
- Nielsen, Søren
- Pedersen, Bente K.
- Kahn, C. Ronald
- Tseng, Yu-Hua
- Goodyear, Laurie J.
- Venue
- Nature Metabolism
- Published
- 2019-02-11
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 291-303
- ISSN
- 2522-5812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6481955
- OpenAlex
- W2912468419
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10
- FWCI
- 18.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (R01HL126705, 17GRNT33650018, R01DK102898)
- Joslin Diabetes Center (P30DK36836, K23-DK114550)
- TrygFonden
- National Institutes of Health (17GRNT33650018, DK 36836, 5r01dk112283-03)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18K16208)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL126705, R01HL138738, R01HL145064)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK112283, R01DK077097, R01DK102898, K01DK111714, K23DK114550, R01DK033201, F32DK102320, T32DK007260, R01DK101043, P30DK036836, R01DK082659, R01DK099511)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- TGF-beta2, glucose tolerance, fatty acid metabolism, subcutaneous white adipose tissue, lactate, dichloroacetate, inter-organ communication, myokines, high-fat feeding, exercise training, adipocytes
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Fatty Acids, Glucose, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Mice, Transforming Growth Factor beta2, Adipokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
