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Delayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegar
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible influence of acetic acid (administered as vinegar) on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses, and the potential involvement of a modified gastric emptying rate was studied by use of paracetamol as a marker. Design The white bread reference meal as well as the corresponding meal supplemented with vinegar had the same content of starch, protein and fat. The meals were served in the morning after an over-night fast and in random order. Capillary blood samples for analysis of glucose, insulin and paracetamol were collected postprandially. Setting The study was performed at the Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. Subjects Ten healthy volunteers, seven women and three men, aged 22-51 y, with normal body mass indices were recruited. Results The presence of acetic acid, given as vinegar, significantly reduced the postprandial glucose (GI=64) and insulin responses (II=65) to a starchy meal. As judged from lowered paracetamol levels after the test meal with vinegar, the mechanism is probably a delayed gastric emptying rate. Conclusions Fermented foods or food products with added organic acids should preferably be included in the diet in order to reduce glycaemia and insulin demand.
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“Acetic acid consumption has been shown to delay gastric emptying in healthy subjects and in people with diabetes [386,405].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [386]
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Application of Bifidobacteria as Starter Culture in Whole Wheat Sourdough Breadmaking
Sanz‐Penella, J. M., Tamayo‐Ramos, J. A., & Haros, C. M. (2011) · Food and Bioprocess Technology · doi:10.1007/s11947-011-0547-1 · Cited by 60
Halima, B. H., Sonia, G., Sarra, K., Houda, B. J., Fethi, B. S., & Abdallah, A. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2017.0039 · Cited by 60
“Acetic acid may control these factors through different manners like slowing down gastric emptying, 38 inhibition of disaccharide activity in the small intestine, blocking the complete digestion of starch molecules, 39 and also promotion of glucose uptake by muscle performance.”
White, A. M., & Johnston, C. S. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1062 · Cited by 58
Shishehbor, F., Mansoori, A., & Shirani, F. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.01.021 · Cited by 58
“However, the possible mechanisms include slowing gastric emptying rates [39, 40], 166”
BackgroundGheflati, A., Bashiri, R., Ghadiri‐Anari, A., Reza, J. Z., Kord, M. T., & Nadjarzadeh, A. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.06.006 · Cited by 68
Colosimo, R., Gabriele, M., Cifelli, M., Longo, V. G., Domenici, V., & Pucci, L. (2019) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125510 · Cited by 55
Xu, W., Xu, Q., Chen, J., Zhen-ming, L., Xia, R. M., Li, G., Xu, Z., & Ma, Y. (2011) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.4356 · Cited by 54
Mitrou, P., Petsiou, E., Papakonstantinou, E., Maratou, E., Lambadiari, V., Dimitriadis, P., Spanoudi, F., Raptis, S., & Dimitriadis, G. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.289 · Cited by 55
Impact of whole cereals and processing on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review
Wu, W., Qiu, J., Wang, A., & Li, Z. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1574708 · Cited by 54
“Besides, the acetic and propionic acids appear to prolong the gastric emptying rate (Liljeberg and Bj€orck 1998).”
BackgroundIn vitro starch hydrolysis and estimated glycemic index of tef porridge and injera
Shumoy, H., & Raes, K. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.060 · Cited by 52
Designing food for the elderly: the critical impact of food structure
Calligaris, S., Moretton, M., Melchior, S., Mosca, A. C., Pellegrini, N., & Anese, M. (2022) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d2fo00099g · Cited by 50
Yusoff, N. A., Ahmad, M., Al-Hindi, B., Widyawati, T., Yam, M. F., Mahmud, R., Razak, K. N. A., & Asmawi, M. Z. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7085320 · Cited by 50
“Acetic acid, found to be one of the major components of AE, has been reported extensively in several studies as having the potential of countering postprandial hyperglycemic and promoting insulinemic responses [32].”
BackgroundVinegar lacks antiglycemic action on enteral carbohydrate absorption in human subjects
Salbe, A. D., Johnston, C. S., Büyükbeşe, M. A., Tsitouras, P. D., & Harman, S. M. (2009) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.10.021 · Cited by 50
“Several mechanisms to account for these effects have been proposed, including interference with enzymatic digestion of complex carbohydrate [10], delayed gastric emptying [3,4], and enhanced peripheral glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen [11,12].”
BackgroundResultSetorki, M., Asgary, S., Eidi, A., Rohani, A. H., & Khazaei, M. (2010) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-9-10 · Cited by 50
“Delayed gastric emptying might also contribute to antiglycemic effect of vinegar [31].”
BackgroundBo, S., Seletto, M., Choc, A., Ponzo, V., Lezo, A., Demagistris, A., Evangelista, A., Ciccone, G., Bertolino, M., Cassader, M., et al. (2016) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.019 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Liljeberg, H., & Björck, I.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- ORCID
- Björck, I
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 1998-05-01
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 368-371
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W1964288298
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Keywords
- vinegar, acetic acid, gastric emptying, postprandial blood glucose, insulin response, glycemic index, insulin index, white bread, fermented foods, organic acids, glycemic control
- MeSH terms
- Acetaminophen, Adult, Blood Glucose, Diet, Female, Gastric Emptying, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Starch, Acetic Acid
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