Nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity in rural Mali: association and determinants
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity, and to assess and compare the determinants for the two constructs in an adult population in rural Mali.Design Cross-sectional study assessing food intake by a validated 7-day quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Two different dietary diversity indexes were created: food variety score (FVS), a simple count of food items, and diet diversity score (DDS) a count of food groups. Mean adequacy ratio, the mean ratio of intake to recommended intake (each truncated at one) of energy and nine nutrients, was calculated as an indicator of nutrient adequacy. Information on household and individual characteristics, including demography, socioeconomic conditions and food production strategies was obtained using precoded questionnaires.Setting Bafoulabé district, Kayes region, Western Mali.Subjects In total, 502 subjects (55% women) aged 15-45 y from 319 different households.Results Both FVS and DDS had a positive correlation with mean adequacy ratio (MAR). Multivariate analysis (linear regression) showed that the most important factors explaining MAR was the number of milk products, vegetables and green leaves consumed, as well as sex and the number of crops produced in the household. Dietary diversity was associated with socioeconomic status, residence and age.Conclusion Dietary diversity is useful as an indicator of nutrient adequacy. It is important to examine how various food groups contribute to the nutrient adequacy of the diet in an area.
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The average unadjusted correlation coefficient of .47 compared favorably with the range reported by similar validation studies comparing FFQ with food records: .34-.46.
“The average unadjusted correlation coefficient of .47 compared favorably with the range reported by similar validation studies comparing FFQ with food records: .34-.46 [31-32,34,41].”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [41]
Previous studies comparing FFQ with food records have reported average exact agreement classifications between 34% and 49% and exact agreement plus adjacent quartile classifications of 77%.
“Previous studies comparing FFQ with food records have reported average exact agreement classifications between 34% and 49% [32,38,41] and exact agreement plus adjacent quartile classifications of 77% [21].”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [41]
Similar studies have reported correlations ranging from .09 to .83, .17 to .95, and .09 to .58 with mean values of .38, .63, and .58, respectively.
“Similar studies have reported correlations ranging from .09 to .83 [37], .17 to .95 [36], and .09 to .58 [41] with mean values of .38, .63, and .58, respectively.”
From Online dietary intake estimation: reproducibility and validity of the Food4Me Food frequency questionnaire against a 4-day weighed food record (2014) · cites this paper as [41]
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Diet Quality in Developing Countries
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- Authors
- Torheim, L. E., Ouattara, F., Diarra, M. M., Thiam, F. D., Barikmo, I., Hatløy, A., & Oshaug, A.
- Affiliations
- OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University (NO)
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique (ML)
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique (ML)
- University of Bamako (ML)
- Fafo Foundation (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Torheim, L E
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2004-03-25
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 594-604
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2078112771
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- nutritional adequacy, dietary diversity, mean adequacy ratio, rural Mali, household food production, dairy products, vegetable consumption, socioeconomic status, food security
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Diet Surveys, Female, Humans, Male, Mali, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Rural Population
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