Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: Are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a food variety score (FVS) and/or a dietary diversity score (DDS) are good indicators of nutrient adequacy of the diet of South African children. METHODS: Secondary data analyses were undertaken with nationally representative data of 1-8-year-old children (n = 2200) studied in the National Food Consumption Study in 1999. An average FVS (mean number of different food items consumed from all possible items eaten) and DDS (mean number of food groups out of nine possible groups) were calculated. A nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) is the ratio of a subject's nutrient intake to the estimated average requirement calculated using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (2002) recommended nutrient intakes for children. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as the sum of NARs for all evaluated nutrients divided by the number of nutrients evaluated, expressed as a percentage. MAR was used as a composite indicator for micronutrient adequacy. Pearson correlation coefficients between FVS, DDS and MAR were calculated and also evaluated for sensitivity and specificity, with MAR taken as the ideal standard of adequate intake. The relationships between MAR and DDS and between anthropometric Z-scores and DDS were also evaluated. RESULTS: The children had a mean FVS of 5.5 (standard deviation (SD) 2.5) and a mean DDS of 3.6 (SD 1.4). The mean MAR (ideal = 100%) was 50%, and was lowest (45%) in the 7-8-year-old group. The items with the highest frequency of consumption were from the cereal, roots and tuber group (99.6%), followed by the 'other group' (87.6%) comprising items such as tea, sugar, jam and sweets. The dairy group was consumed by 55.8%, meat group by 54.1%, fats by 38.9%, other vegetables by 30.8%, vitamin-A-rich by 23.8%, other fruit by 22%, legumes and nuts by 19.7% and eggs by 13.3%. There was a high correlation between MAR and both FVS (r = 0.726; P < 0.0001) and DDS (r = 0.657; P < 0.0001), indicating that either FVS or DDS can be used as an indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet. Furthermore, MAR, DDS and FVS showed significant correlations with height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores, indicating a strong relationship between dietary diversity and indicators of child growth. A DDS of 4 and an FVS of 6 were shown to be the best indicators of MAR less than 50%, since they provided the best sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: Either FVS or DDS can be used as a simple and quick indicator of the micronutrient adequacy of the diet.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Existing diet diversity indicators such as the diet diversity score (DDS) or food variety score are used as proxies for dietary quality and measure the diversity of unique food groups and food items consumed, respectively.
“Existing diet diversity indicators such as the diet diversity score (DDS) or food variety score are used as proxies for dietary quality and measure the diversity of unique food groups and food items consumed, respectively (19).”
From Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kennedy, E., Ohls, J. C., Carlson, S. J., & Fleming, K. E. (1995) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00300-2 · Cited by 1,626 · see citing works
Operationalizing Dietary Diversity: A Review of Measurement Issues and Research Priorities
Ruel, M. T. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.11.3911s · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Indexes of Overall Diet Quality
KANT, A. K. (1996) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00217-9 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Hatløy, A., Torheim, L. E., & Oshaug, A. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600662 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Dietary variety increases the probability of nutrient adequacy among adults.
Foote, J. A., Murphy, S. P., Wilkens, L., Basiotis, P., & Carlson, A. C. (2004) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/134.7.1779 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Higher dietary variety is associated with better nutritional status in frail elderly people
Bernstein, M., Tucker, K. L., RYAN, N., ONEILL, E., Clements, K. M., Nelson, M. E., Evans, W. J., & Singh, M. A. F. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90246-4 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): South Africa, 1999
Labadarios, D., Steyn, N., Maunder, E. M. W., MacIntryre, U., Gericke, G. S., Swart, R., Huskisson, J., Dannhauser, A., Vorster, H. H., Nesmvuni, A., et al. (2005) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005816 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Modifying the healthy eating index to assess diet quality in children and adolescents
Feskanich, D., Rockett, H. R. H., & Colditz, G. A. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.06.020 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
National food consumption survey in children aged 1-9 years: South Africa 1999.
Labadarios, D., Maunder, E. M. W., Steyn, N., MacIntyre, U. E., Swart, R., Gericke, G. S., Nesamvuni, E. A., Huskisson, J., Vorster, H. H., & Dannhauser, A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Ogle, B. M., Hung, P. H., & Tuyet, H. T. (2001) · Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00206.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Onyango, A. W. (1998) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/27.3.484 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Diet Quality and Dietary Diversity in France
Drewnowski, A., Henderson, S. A., Shore, A. B., Fischler, C., Preziosi, P., & Herçberg, S. (1996) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00185-x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Steyn, N. P., Labadarios, D., Maunder, E. M. W., Nel, J. H., & Lombard, C. J. (2005) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.09.003 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Management of children with infection-associated persistent diarrhea
Ochoa, T. J., Salazar‐Lindo, E., & Cleary, T. G. (2004) · Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.spid.2004.07.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) - children aged 1-9 years, South Africa, 1999.
Labadarios, D., Steyn, N., Maunder, E., MacIntyre, U. E., Swart, R., Gericke, G., Huskisson, J., Dannhauser, A., Vorster, H. H., & Nesamvuni, A. E. (2001) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ferguson, E., Gibson, R. S., Opare‐Obisaw, C., Osei-Opare, F., Lamba, C., & Ôunpuu, S. (1993) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.1993.9991307 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
[The overall nutritional quality of the diet is reflected in the growth of Nigerian children].
Tarini, A., Bakari, S., & Delisle, H. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Rapid Field Tool for Assessing Household Diet Quality in Mozambique
Rose, D. D., Meershoek, S., Ismael, C., & McEwan, M. A. (2002) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482650202300207 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Enjoy a variety of foods - difficult but necessary in developing countries.
Maunder, E. M. W., Matji, J., & Hlatshwayo-Molea, T. (2001) · South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Eat a Variety of Healthful Foods: Old Advice with New Support
Tucker, K. L. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb07005.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
public health issues in infant and child nutrition
Black, R. E., & Michaelsen, K. F. (2002) · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Variety is Still the Spice of a Healthful Diet
Hahn, N. I. (1995) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00297-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 23 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Hahn NI. Variety is still the spice of life. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1995; 95: 1096 -7.
- Food and Agriculture Organization/International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). Preventing Micronutrient Malnu- trition: A Guide to Food-based Approaches. Washington, DC: ILSI Press, 1997.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dao, M. C., Everard, A., Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Sokolovska, N., Prifti, E., Verger, E. O., Kayser, B. D., Levenez, F., Chilloux, J., Hoyles, L., et al. (2016) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778 · Cited by 1,931 · see citing works
What Are We Assessing When We Measure Food Security? A Compendium and Review of Current Metrics
Jones, A. D., Ngure, F. M., Pelto, G. H., & Young, S. L. (2013) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.113.004119 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Production diversity and dietary diversity in smallholder farm households
Sibhatu, K. T., Krishna, V. V., & Qaim, M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1510982112 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Jones, A. D., Shrinivas, A., & Bezner-Kerr, R. (2014) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.02.001 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Kennedy, G., Pedro, M. R., Seghieri, C., Nantel, G., & Brouwer, I. D. (2007) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.2.472 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Low dietary diversity is a predictor of child stunting in rural Bangladesh
Rah, J. H., Akhter, N., Semba, R. D., de Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Campbell, A. A., Moench‐Pfanner, R., Sun, K., Badham, J., & Kraemer, K. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.171 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Rethinking the measurement of food security: from first principles to best practice
Headey, D., & Ecker, O. (2013) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-013-0253-0 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Farm production, market access and dietary diversity in Malawi
Koppmair, S., Kassie, M., & Qaim, M. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980016002135 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
The Mediterranean Diet and Nutritional Adequacy: A Review
Castro‐Quezada, I., Román‐Viñas, B., & Serra‐Majem, L. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6010231 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Moursi, M., Arimond, M., Dewey, K. G., Trèche, S., Ruel, M. T., & Delpeuch, F. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.108.093971 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Build it back better: Deconstructing food security for improved measurement and action
Coates, J. (2013) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2013.05.002 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Jones, A. D. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux040 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Kimani-Murage, E. W., Kahn, K., Pettifor, J. M., Tollman, S. M., Dunger, D. B., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., & Norris, S. A. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-158 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Aryastami, N. K., Shankar, A. H., Kusumawardani, N., Besral, B., Jahari, A. B., & Achadi, E. L. (2017) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0130-x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Thorne‐Lyman, A., Valpiani, N., Sun, K., Semba, R. D., Klotz, C. L., Kraemer, K., Akhter, N., de Pee, S., Moench‐Pfanner, R., Sari, M., et al. (2009) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.110809 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets
Lachat, C., Raneri, J. E., Smith, K. W., Kolsteren, P., Van Damme, P., Verzelen, K., Penafiel, D., Vanhove, W., Kennedy, G., Hunter, D., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1709194115 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Food security in South Africa: a review of national surveys
Labadarios, D., Mchiza, Z. J., Steyn, N. P., Gericke, G. J., Maunder, E., Davids, Y. D., & Parker, W. (2011) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.11.089243 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Fanzo, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203127261 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Saha, K. K., Frongillo, E. A., Alam, D. S., Arifeen, S. E., Persson, L. Å., & Rasmussen, K. M. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1852 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Senarath, U., Agho, K., Akram, D., Godakandage, S. S. P., Hazir, T., Jayawickrama, H., Joshi, N., Kabir, I., Khanam, M., Patel, A., et al. (2011) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00370.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
How diverse is the diet of adult South Africans?
Labadarios, D., Steyn, N. P., & Nel, J. H. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-33 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Marshall, S., Burrows, T. L., & Collins, C. E. (2014) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12208 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Agricultural production and children's diets: evidence from rural Ethiopia
Hirvonen, K., & Hoddinott, J. F. (2016) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.12348 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Mango, N., Zamasiya, B., Makate, C., Nyikahadzoi, K., & Siziba, S. (2014) · Development Southern Africa · doi:10.1080/0376835x.2014.911694 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Patel, A., Pusdekar, Y. V., Badhoniya, N., Borkar, J., Agho, K., & Dibley, M. J. (2011) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00385.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Assessing Nutritional Diversity of Cropping Systems in African Villages
Remans, R., Flynn, D. F. B., DeClerck, F., Diru, W., Fanzo, J., Gaynor, K. M., Lambrecht, I. B., Mudiope, J., Mutuo, P. K., Nkhoma, P., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021235 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Khanal, V., Sauer, K., & Zhao, Y. (2013) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-13-131 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Aguayo, V. M., Nair, R., Badgaiyan, N., & Krishna, V. (2016) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12259 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Measuring nutritional diversity of national food supplies
Remans, R., Wood, S. A., Saha, N., Anderman, T. L., & DeFries, R. (2014) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2014.07.001 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Dietary diversity score is related to obesity and abdominal adiposity among Iranian female youth
Azadbakht, L., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2010) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980010000522 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Nair, M. K., Augustine, L. F., & Konapur, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00277 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Synergies and tradeoffs between cash crop production and food security: a case study in rural Ghana
Anderman, T. L., Remans, R., Wood, S. A., DeRosa, K., & DeFries, R. (2014) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-014-0360-6 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Children’s Diets, Nutrition Knowledge, and Access to Markets
Hirvonen, K., Hoddinott, J. F., Minten, B., & Stifel, D. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.031 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Aurino, E. (2016) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.10.007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Seasonality and household diets in Ethiopia
Hirvonen, K., Taffesse, A. S., & Hassen, I. W. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015003237 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Associations of Infant Feeding Practices and Picky Eating Behaviors of Preschool Children
Shim, J. E., Kim, J., & Mathai, R. A. (2011) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.06.410 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Yu, K., Tan, S., Zheng, Y., Zhao, A., Wang, P., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4381-x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Venter, C., Greenhawt, M., Meyer, R. W., Agostoni, C. V., Reese, I., Toit, G. D., Feeney, M. J., Maslin, K., Nwaru, B. I., Roduit, C., et al. (2019) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.14051 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Belachew, T., Lindstrom, D., Gebremariam, A., Hogan, D. P., Lachat, C. K., Huybregts, L., & Kolsteren, P. W. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057643 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Use of dietary indices to control for diet in human gut microbiota studies
Bowyer, R. C. E., Jackson, M. A., Pallister, T., Skinner, J., Spector, T. D., Welch, A. A., & Steves, C. J. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0455-y · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Fraval, S., Hammond, J., Bogard, J., Ngendo, M., van Etten, J., Herrero, M., Oosting, S. J., de Boer, I. J. M., Lannerstad, M., Teufel, N., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00104 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Steyn, N. P., Labadarios, D., & Nel, J. H. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-104 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Maillot, M., Vieux, F., Amiot, M. J., & Darmon, N. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28426 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Keding, G. B., Msuya, J. M., Maass, B. L., & Krawinkel, M. B. (2012) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-011-0163-y · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Johnson, K., Jacob, A., & Brown, M. E. (2013) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-13-00055 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Agrawal, S., Kim, R., Gausman, J., Sharma, S., Sankar, R., Joe, W., & Subramanian, S. V. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0406-0 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Masuke, R., Msuya, S. E., Mahande, J. M., Diarz, E., Stray‐Pedersen, B., Jahanpour, O. F., & Mgongo, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250562 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Oldewage-Theron, W. H., & Kruger, R. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly · doi:10.1080/01639360802060140 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Chegere, M., & Stage, J. (2020) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104856 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Complementary feeding and attained linear growth among 6–23-month-old children
Onyango, A. W., Borghi, E., de Onís, M., Casanovas, M. D. C., & Garza, C. (2013) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980013002401 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Smithers, L. G., Golley, R. K., Brazionis, L., & Lynch, J. W. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00407.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ecological Approaches to Human Nutrition
DeClerck, F., Fanzo, J., Palm, C. A., & Remans, R. (2011) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/15648265110321s106 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Household dietary diversity and child stunting in East Java, Indonesia.
Mahmudiono, T., Sumarmi, S., & Rosenkranz, R. R. (2017) · PubMed · doi:10.6133/apjcn.012016.01 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Islam, A. H. M. S., von Braun, J., Thorne‐Lyman, A., & Ahmed, A. (2018) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-018-0806-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dietary diversity in relation to other household food security indicators
Faber, M., Schwabe, C., & Drimie, S. (2009) · International Journal of Food Safety Nutrition and Public Health · doi:10.1504/ijfsnph.2009.026915 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Impacts of forests on children’s diet in rural areas across 27 developing countries
Rasolofoson, R., Hanauer, M. M., Pappinen, A., Fisher, B., & Ricketts, T. H. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2853 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Xue, Y., Lee, E., Ning, K., Zheng, Y., Ma, D., Gao, H., Yang, B., Bai, Y., Wang, P., & Zhang, Y. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.065 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Gelli, A., Margolies, A., Santacroce, M., Roschnik, N., Twalibu, A., Katundu, M., Moestue, H., Alderman, H., & Ruel, M. T. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy148 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Naser, I. A., Jalil, R. A., Muda, W. A. M. W., Nik, W. S. W., Shariff, Z. M., & Abdullah, M. R. (2014) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.304 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Which dietary diversity indicator is best to assess micronutrient adequacy in children 1 to 9 y?
Steyn, N. P., Nel, J. H., Labadarios, D., Maunder, E., & Kruger, H. S. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.06.002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Troesch, B., Biesalski, H. K., Bos, R., Buskens, E., Calder, P. C., Saris, W. H. M., Spieldenner, J., Verkade, H. J., Weber, P., & Eggersdorfer, M. L. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7075266 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Nutrition in contemporary South Africa#
Faber, M., & Wenhold, F. A. M. (2009) · Water SA · doi:10.4314/wsa.v33i3.49122 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Luckett, B. G., DeClerck, F. A., Fanzo, J., Mundorf, A. R., & Rose, D. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001500169x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Muhoozi, G. K. M., Atukunda, P., Diep, L. M., Mwadime, R. K. N., Kaaya, A. N., Skaare, A. B., Willumsen, T., Westerberg, A. C., & Iversen, P. O. (2017) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12527 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tegegne, M., Belda, S. S., Tefera, T. B., Alemayehu, M. T., & Woldie, H. (2017) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-017-0216-6 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Nutrition transition in 2 lowland Bolivian subsistence populations
Kraft, T. S., Stieglitz, J., Trumble, B. C., Martin, M. A., Kaplan, H. S., & Gurven, M. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy250 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Faber, M., Witten, C., & Drimie, S. (2011) · South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1080/16070658.2011.11734346 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Amugsi, D. A., Mittelmark, M. B., & Oduro, A. R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136748 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Urban Household Characteristics and Dietary Diversity
Codjoe, S. N. A., Okutu, D., & Abu, M. (2016) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0379572116631882 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Dietary Diversity Score: A Measure of Nutritional Adequacy or an Indicator of Healthy Diet?
Habte, T. Y., & Krawinkel, M. B. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences · doi:10.15744/2393-9060.3.303 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Chakona, G., & Shackleton, C. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2017.00072 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A Systematic Review on the Contributions of Edible Plant and Animal Biodiversity to Human Diets
Peñafiel, D., Lachat, C. K., Espinel, R., Damme, P. V., & Kolsteren, P. W. (2011) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-011-0700-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Improving diets and nutrition: food-based approaches
(2014) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781780642994.0000 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Na, M., Aguayo, V. M., Arimond, M., & Stewart, C. P. (2017) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12463 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
M'Kaibi, F. K., Steyn, N. P., Ochola, S., & du Plessis, L. (2016) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.387 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Stunting, food security, markets and food policy in Rwanda
Weatherspoon, D. D., Miller, S. R., Ngabitsinze, J. C., Weatherspoon, L., & Oehmke, J. F. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7208-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
van Vliet, N., Quiceno-Mesa, M. P., Cruz, D., Téllez, L., Martins, C. F., Haiden, E., Oliveira, M. R., Adams, C., Morsello, C., Valencia, L., et al. (2015) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2015-7-4.6-1-12 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Rakotonirainy, N. H., Razafindratovo, V. L., Remonja, C. R., Rasoloarijaona, R., Piola, P., Raharintsoa, C., & Randremanana, R. V. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200235 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Climate impacts associated with reduced diet diversity in children across nineteen countries
Niles, M. T., Emery, B. F., Wiltshire, S., Brown, M. E., Fisher, B., & Ricketts, T. H. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd0ab · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Eating out of home in Vietnamese adolescents: socioeconomic factors and dietary associations
Lachat, C. K., Khanh, L. N. B., Khẩn, N. C., Dũng, N. Q., Anh, N. D. V., Roberfroid, D., & Kolsteren, P. W. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28371 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Issaka, A. I., Agho, K., Page, A., Burns, P. L., Stevens, G. J., & Dibley, M. J. (2015) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12194 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Food Insecurity in Vulnerable Populations: Coping with Food Price Shocks in Afghanistan
D'Souza, A. E., & Jolliffe, D. (2013) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aat089 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Meng, L., Wang, Y., Li, T., Bouwman, C. A., Zhang, Y., & Szeto, I. M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111674 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Indirect contributions of forests to dietary diversity in Southern Ethiopia
Baudron, F., Chavarría, J.-Y. D., Remans, R., Yang, K. F., & Sunderland, T. (2017) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-09267-220228 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Oldewage-Theron, W. H., & Kruger, R. (2010) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.05.013 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
O’Neil, C. E., & Nicklas, T. A. (2008) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827608317277 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Gewa, C., & Leslie, T. F. (2015) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-015-0008-y · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Validity of dietary patterns to assess nutrient intake adequacy
Román‐Viñas, B., Barba, L. R., Ngo, J., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Wijnhoven, T. M. A., & Serra‐Majem, L. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509990547 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Food Variety at 2 Years of Age is Related to Duration of Breastfeeding
Scott, J. A., Chih, T., & Oddy, W. H. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4101464 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ramadan fasting alters food patterns, dietary diversity and body weight among Ghanaian adolescents
Ali, Z., & Abizari, A. (2018) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0386-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Aurino, E., Fernandes, M., & Penny, M. E. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980016001865 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Improving the Measurement of Food SecurityPreprint
Headey, D., & Ecker, O. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2185038 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Dietary diversity of formal and informal residents in Johannesburg, South Africa
Drimie, S., Faber, M., Vearey, J., & Núñez, L. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-911 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Household food diversity and nutritional status among adults in Brazil
Bezerra, I. N., & Sichieri, R. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-22 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Nutritional status and HIV in rural South African children
Kimani-Murage, E. W., Norris, S. A., Pettifor, J. M., Tollman, S. M., Klipstein‐Grobusch, K., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Dunger, D. B., & Kahn, K. (2011) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-23 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mbwana, H. A., Kinabo, J., Lambert, C., & Biesalski, H. K. (2016) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2016.1224046 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Indicators for Sustainable Healthy Diets
Harrison, M. R., Palma, G., Buendia, T., Bueno-Tarodo, M., Quell, D., & Hachem, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.822263 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Faber, M., Laubscher, R., & Berti, C. (2014) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12146 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effect of Conflict on Dietary Diversity: Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire
Dabalen, A., & Paul, S. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.010 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Daniels, M. C., Adair, L. S., Popkin, B. M., & Truong, Y. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602927 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
- Authors
- Steyn, N., Nel, J., Nantel, G., Kennedy, G., & Labadarios, D.
- Affiliations
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (IT)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Steyn, NP
- Venue
- Public Health Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 644-650
- ISSN
- 1368-9800 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2727
- OpenAlex
- W2164956492
- Cited by
- 712
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 9.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Public Health Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- dietary diversity score, nutritional adequacy, micronutrient adequacy, nutrient adequacy ratio, mean adequacy ratio, children's diet, South African children, anthropometric z-scores, food consumption patterns, cereal consumption, dairy consumption, vitamin A-rich foods, food groups
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Diet, Diet Surveys, Eating, Female, Food, Humans, Infant, Male, Nutritional Requirements, Nutritive Value, South Africa, Age Distribution, Micronutrients
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
