The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Wnt code: cnidarians signal the way
Abstract
Cnidarians are the simplest metazoans with a nervous system. They are well known for their regeneration capacity, which is based on the restoration of a signalling centre (organizer). Recent work has identified the canonical Wnt pathway in the freshwater polyp Hydra, where it acts in organizer formation and regeneration. Wnt signalling is also essential for cnidarian embryogenesis. In the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis 11 of the 12 known wnt gene subfamilies were identified. Different wnt genes exhibit serial and overlapping expression domains along the oral-aboral axis of the embryo (the 'wnt code'). This is reminiscent of the hox code (cluster) in bilaterian embryogenesis that is, however, absent in cnidarians. It is proposed that the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians invented a set of wnt genes that patterned the ancient main body axis. Major antagonists of Wnt ligands (e.g. Dkk 1/2/4) that were previously known only from chordates, are also present in cnidarians and exhibit a similar conserved function. The unexpectedly high level of genetic complexity of wnt genes evolved in early multi-cellular animals about 650 Myr ago and suggests a radical expansion of the genetic repertoire, concurrent with the evolution of multi-cellularity and the diversification of eumetazoan body plans.
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“or even the formation of multiple polyp heads52.”
From Sequential actions of β-catenin and Bmp pattern the oral nerve net in Nematostella vectensis (2014) · cites this paper as [52]
Citations
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“Of the common signaling pathways that affect developmental processes in bilaterians, the Wnt pathway has been identified in hydra,((36,37)) and the expression pattern of Wnt pathway components suggest that this pathway plays a role in the head organizer.”
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Adell, T., Marsal, M., & Saló, E. (2008) · Development, Genes and Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00427-007-0199-3 · Cited by 21
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From injury to patterning—MAPKs and Wnt signaling in Hydra
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“Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that function as extracellular signals across a wide range of metazoans, including cnidarians, nematodes, insects, and vertebrates [13].”
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Mercker, M., Tursch, A., Veerman, F., Kazarnikov, A., Höger, S. K., Lengfeld, T., Özbek, S., Holstein, T. W., & Marciniak-Czochra, A. K. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429954 · Cited by 11
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“It was argued that A-P and D-V patterning mechanisms, and a number of gastrulation genes (including beta-catenin, brachyury, snail, twist, decapentaplegic, bmp and forkhead were in place at least before the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians [104, 105].”
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“Animal genomes encode a set of shared toolkit genes with function in cell signaling, cell adhesion, and transcriptional regulation that diversified early during metazoan evolution (Guder et al. 2006; Kasbauer et al. 2007; Matus et al. 2007; Nichols et al. 2006; Technau et al. 2005).”
Rhizostomins: A Novel Pigment Family From Rhizostome Jellyfish (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)
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Vellutini, B. C., Martín-Durán, J. M., Børve, A., & Hejnol, A. (2024) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-024-01988-w · Cited by 8
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Gavgani, F. M., Kraus, J. E. M., Al‐Shaer, L., November, J., Seybold, A., Fournon-Berodia, I., Lerstad, B., Hausen, H., Layden, M. J., & Rentzsch, F. (2025) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.10.061 · Cited by 9
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Self-citationRegulation of Canonical Wnt Signaling During Development and Diseases
Mo, S., & Cui, Z. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/37452 · Cited by 6
“Wnt signaling is also essential for cnidarian embryogenesis (Guder et al, 2006).”
The Molecular Basis of the Gastrula Organizer in Amphibians and Cnidarians
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Synapse Specificity: Wnts Keep Motor Axons on Target
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“…as well as orthologs of secreted Wnt antagonists: sFRP, WIF, Notum, and several Dickkopf variants (Technau et al., 2005; Augustin et al., 2006; Guder et al., 2006; Lee at al., 2006; Holstein et al., 2012; Momose et al., 2012; Ukolova, 2012; Nawrocki and Cartwright, 2013; Lapébie et al., 2014;…”
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BackgroundGradients and Regulatory Networks of Wnt Signalling in Hydra Pattern Formation
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“Dkk1/2/4 [18, 19], it is not known, which downstream target genes of Wnt signalling are responsible for the position-dependent differentiation patterns of Hydra and Nematostella.”
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“Finally, it is a well-established fact that a gradient of Wnt signaling is essential to specify and pattern these conserved germ layer GRNs along the AP axis in these animals [2,6,30].”
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“Notably, multiple Wnt genes can be found in the ancient metazoan phylum Cnidaria (Guder et al., 2006), not only indicating that Wnts arose early in evolution, but also that Wnt signaling remained a crucial actor in organismal patterning throughout the animal kingdom (Kusserow et al., 2005).”
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Self-citationsiRNA-mediated gene knockdown via electroporation in hydrozoan jellyfish embryosPreprint
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Wnt signalling in the hydrozoan Hydractinia echinata
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Transcriptomic analysis of three annelid species: looking for markers of positional information
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“Studies in Hydra and planarians have highlighted the importance of Wnt signaling, in which Wnt gradients persist in adult organisms, reorganize in response to tissue damage, and coordinate regenerative responses [2, 6, 18].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Guder, C., Philipp, I., Lengfeld, T., Watanabe, H., Hobmayer, B., & Holstein, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Holstein, T W
- Venue
- Oncogene
- Published
- 2006-12-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 57
- Pages
- 7450-7460
- ISSN
- 0950-9232 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5594
- OpenAlex
- W1983253019
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oncogene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
- Keywords
- Wnt signaling, Cnidaria, Nematostella vectensis, Hydra, regeneration, embryonic development, oral-aboral axis, Hox code, body plan evolution, gene family expansion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cnidaria, Hydra, Ligands, Models, Biological, Phylogeny, Sea Anemones, Signal Transduction, Evolution, Molecular, Body Patterning, Wnt Proteins, beta Catenin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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