Robust and elastic lunar and martian structures from 3D-printed regolith inks
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Here, we present a comprehensive approach for creating robust, elastic, designer Lunar and Martian regolith simulant (LRS and MRS, respectively) architectures using ambient condition, extrusion-based 3D-printing of regolith simulant inks. The LRS and MRS powders are characterized by distinct, highly inhomogeneous morphologies and sizes, where LRS powder particles are highly irregular and jagged and MRS powder particles are rough, but primarily rounded. The inks are synthesized via simple mixing of evaporant, surfactant, and plasticizer solvents, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (30% by solids volume), and regolith simulant powders (70% by solids volume). Both LRS and MRS inks exhibit similar rheological and 3D-printing characteristics, and can be 3D-printed at linear deposition rates of 1–150 mm/s using 300 μm to 1.4 cm-diameter nozzles. The resulting LRS and MRS 3D-printed materials exhibit similar, but distinct internal and external microstructures and material porosity (~20–40%). These microstructures contribute to the rubber-like quasi-static and cyclic mechanical properties of both materials, with young’s moduli ranging from 1.8 to 13.2 MPa and extension to failure exceeding 250% over a range of strain rates (10 –1 −10 2 min −1 ). Finally, we discuss the potential for LRS and MRS ink components to be reclaimed and recycled, as well as be synthesized in resource-limited, extraterrestrial environments.
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LRS objects were strained up to 250% before failure, whereas MRS specimens typically failed within strain limits ranging from 50% to 175%.
“Notably, LRS objects were strained up to 250 % before failure, whereas MRS specimens typically failed within strain limits ranging from 50 % to 175 %.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [260]
The 3D-Printed LRS and MRS Mechanical Properties section reports that MRS objects failed between 50% and 175% strain. It says LRS objects were strained upwards of 250% without failing, not that they failed at or after 250%. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDensity assessments of LRS and MRS struts showed 27% and 35% porosities, respectively.
“Density assessments of LRS and MRS struts also showed 27 % and 35 % porosities, respectively.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [260]
The same authors printed soft elastomeric materials via DIW of Lunar and Martian regolith inks, referred to as LRS and MRS.
“The same authors printed soft elastomeric materials via DIW of Lunar and Martian regolith inks, referred to as LRS and MRS, respectively [260].”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [260]
The printed LRS and MRS test specimens displayed an elastic strain of 15%-20% for different strain rates.
“The printed LRS and MRS test specimens displayed an elastic strain of 15 %-20 % for different strain rates.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [260]
The LRS and MRS composite could be recycled.
“The LRS and MRS composite could be recycled.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [260]
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- Authors
- Jakus, A. E., Koube, K. D., Geisendorfer, N. R., & Shah, R. N.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shah, Ramille N.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-03-20
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44931-44931
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5357966
- OpenAlex
- W2603070289
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1542205, 1121262)
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- Hartwell Foundation
- Northwestern University (NSF DMR-1121262, NSF NNCI-1542205, DMR-1121262, NNCI-1542205)
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Harvard University (NSF DMR‐1121262, DMR‐1121262)
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University
- Division of Materials Research (NSF DMR-1121262, DMR-1121262, NNCI-1542205, 1121262)
- Army Research Office
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Keywords
- lunar regolith simulant, Martian regolith simulant, 3D printing, extrusion-based printing, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), rheology, porosity, microstructure, in-situ resource utilization
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