Chemistry of Thyroxine
Open accessAbstract
Research Article| January 01 1927 Chemistry of Thyroxine: Constitution and Synthesis of Thyroxine Charles Robert Harington; Charles Robert Harington 1The Department of Pathological Chemistry, University College Hospital Medical School, London, and the Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar George Barger George Barger 1The Department of Pathological Chemistry, University College Hospital Medical School, London, and the Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1927) 21 (1): 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0210169 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Charles Robert Harington, George Barger; Chemistry of Thyroxine: Constitution and Synthesis of Thyroxine. Biochem J 1 January 1927; 21 (1): 169–183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0210169 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search © 1927 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1927 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
T4 and its better-absorbed sodium salt were synthesized by Chalmers et al.
“second, the synthesis of T4 (32) and its better-absorbed sodium salt by Chalmers et al. (33);”
From Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement (2014) · cites this paper as [32]
Cites
Harington, C. R. (1926) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0200300 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
“Three factors were likely responsible for LT4 becoming the predominant therapy in the latter half of the 20th century: first, the isolation of T4 in 1927 by Kendall (31); second, the synthesis of T4 (32) and its better-absorbed sodium salt by Chalmers et al.”
Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions.
Bunnett, J. F., & Zahler, R. E. (1951) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr60153a002 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
The Deiodinase Family of Selenoproteins
GERMAIN, D. L. S., & GALTON, V. A. (1997) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1997.7.655 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone.
Samuels, H. H., FORMAN, B. M., Horowitz, Z. D., & Ye, Z. S. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113449 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
The Role of Thyroid Hormones for Brain Development and Cognitive Function
ROVET, J. F. (2014) · Endocrine development · doi:10.1159/000363153 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
BIOSYNTHESIS OF HALOGENATED METABOLITES BY BACTERIA
PÉE, K.-H. V. (1996) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.375 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
A Short History of Nutritional Science: Part 3 (1912–1944)
Carpenter, K. J. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.10.3023 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Deiodinases control local cellular and systemic thyroid hormone availability
Köhrle, J., & Frädrich, C. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.024 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
BUTANOL-EXTRACTABLE IODINE OF SERUM 1
Man, E. B., Kydd, D. M., & Peters, J. P. (1951) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci102469 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Endocrinology of Complex Life Cycles: Amphibians
Denver, R. J. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00021-8 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Celi, F. S., Zemskova, M., Linderman, J. D., Smith, S., Drinkard, B., Sachdev, V., Skarulis, M. C., Kozlosky, M., Csako, G., Costello, R., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1329 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
3:5:3′-Triiodothyronine. 2. Physiological activity
Gross, J., & Pitt‐Rivers, R. (1953) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0530652 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Paradigm shifts in thyroid hormone replacement therapies for hypothyroidism
Wiersinga, W. M. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.258 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Role of iodine in antioxidant defence in thyroid and breast disease
Smyth, P. P. A. (2003) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.5520190304 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Metabolic Messengers: Thyroid Hormones
Sinha, R. A., & Yen, P. M. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-00986-0 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Signalling through nuclear receptors
Tata, J. R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm914 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Potential therapeutic applications of thyroid hormone analogs
Brenta, G., Danzi, S. E., & Klein, I. L. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0590 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Unraveling the Swine Genome: Implications for Human Health
Schook, L. B., Collares, T. V., Darfour-Oduro, K. A., De, A. K., Rund, L. A., Schachtschneider, K. M., & Seixas, F. K. (2015) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110815 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Levothyroxine Dose Adjustment to Optimise Therapy Throughout a Patient’s Lifetime
Duntas, L. H., & Jonklaas, J. (2019) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-019-01078-2 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Bowden, C. H., Maclagan, N. F., & Wilkinson, J. H. (1955) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0590093 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Clinical and Metabolic Studies in Thyroid Disease--II
Wayne, E. J. (1960) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5166.78 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Hoefig, C. S., Zucchi, R., & Köhrle, J. (2016) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0178 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Harington, C. R., & Randall, S. S. (1929) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0230373 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationEndocrinology of Complex Life Cycles
Denver, R. J., Glennemeier, K. A., & Boorse, G. C. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50030-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Transport, Metabolism, and Function of Thyroid Hormones in the Developing Mammalian Brain
Stepien, B. K., & Huttner, W. Β. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00209 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Tailor-made amino acids in the design of small-molecule blockbuster drugs
Han, J., Konno, H., Sato, T., Soloshonok, V. A., & Izawa, K. (2021) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113448 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A correlation of thyroxine-like activity and chemical structure
Bruice, T. C., Kharasch, N., & Winzler, R. J. (1956) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(56)90129-1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Trends in thyroid hormone prescribing and consumption in the UK
Mitchell, A. L., Hickey, B., Hickey, J. L., & Pearce, S. H. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-132 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Santoro, N. F., Braunstein, G. D., Butts, C. L., Martin, K. A., McDermott, M., & Pinkerton, J. V. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1271 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Natural and Artificial Iodoproteins
Roche, J., & Michel, R. (1951) · Advances in protein chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60505-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Substitution: Historical Aspects
Lindholm, J., & Laurberg, P. (2011) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.4061/2011/809341 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Walker, J. N., Shillo, P., Ibbotson, V, Vincent, A., Karavitaki, N., Weetman, A. P., Wass, J. A. H., & Allahabadia, A. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-1035 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
THYROID FUNCTIONS IN RELATION TO REPRODUCTION OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Maqsood, M. (1952) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1952.tb01366.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The colorful diversity of thyroid hormone metabolites
Köhrle, J. (2019) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000497141 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Quantitative observations on thyroxine and allied substances
Gaddum, J. H. (1930) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1930.sp002623 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Naturally occurring organoiodines
Wang, L., Zhou, X., Fredimoses, M., Liao, S., & Liu, Y. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra09833a · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The emergence of levothyroxine as a treatment for hypothyroidism
Hennessey, J. V. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1199-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The chemical conversion of di-iodotyrosine into thyroxine
Harington, C. R., & Pitt‐Rivers, R. (1945) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0390157 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolism of the Aromatic Amino Acids
Dalgliesh, C. E. (1955) · Advances in protein chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60104-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gutman, A. B., Benedict, E. M., Baxter, B., & Palmer, W. W. (1932) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)76242-x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sporadic or non-endemic familial cretinism with goiter
Stanbury, J. B., & McGirr, E. M. (1957) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(57)90122-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Thyroxine and treatment of hypothyroidism: seven decades of experience
Mateo, R. C. I., & Hennessey, J. V. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02006-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Vigário, P. D. S., Vaisman, F., Coeli, C. M., Ward, L., Graf, H., Carvalho, G., Júnior, R. M., & Vaisman, M. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9886-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Metamorphosis: Model systems for studying gene expression in postembryonic development
Atkinson, B. G. (1994) · Developmental Genetics · doi:10.1002/dvg.1020150402 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Berson, S. A. (1956) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(56)90149-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hubble, D. (1953) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(53)92306-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vaisman (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.3275/8810 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bansi, H. W. (1955) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-94651-6_6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids and Related Compounds
Greenberg, D. M. (1961) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2915-7.50008-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Chromatographic Analysis of Radioactive Iodine Compounds from the Thyroid Gland and Body Fluids
Roche, J., Lissitzky, S., & Michel, R. (1954) · Methods of biochemical analysis · doi:10.1002/9780470110171.ch9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Use: Trends in the United States from 1960 Through 1988
Kaufman, S. C., Gross, T. P., & Kennedy, D. L. (1991) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1991.1.285 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Harington, C. R. (1928) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0221429 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationSchachner, H., Franklin, A. L., & Chaikoff, I. L. (1943) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)72127-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
WHY DOES ANYBODY USE THYROID B.P. ?
Macgregor, A. (1961) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91498-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Consequences of undertreatment of hypothyroidism
Feldt‐Rasmussen, U., Effraimidis, G., Bliddal, S., & Klose, M. (2023) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03460-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Novel thyroxine formulations: a further step toward precision medicine
Virili, C., Trimboli, P., & Centanni, M. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02049-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Individualised requirements for optimum treatment of hypothyroidism: complex needs, limited options
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2019) · Drugs in Context · doi:10.7573/dic.212597 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The chemical constitution of the proteins
Plimmer, R. H. A. (1908) · Longmans, Green and Co eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.26449 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
de Carvalho, G. A., Paz-Filho, G., Mesa, C. O., & Graf, H. (2018) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0947 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Complexity begets crosscutting, dooms hierarchy (another paper on natural kinds)
Havstad, J. C. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02539-w · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gluvic, Z. M., Obradovic, M. M., Stewart, A. J., Essack, M., Pitt, S. J., Samardzic, V. S., Šoškić, S., Gojobori, T., & Isenović, E. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.758043 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Their Ligands: Metabolites in Control of Transcription
Tao, L. J., Seo, D. E., Jackson, B., Ivanova, N. B., & Santori, F. R. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9122606 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hypothyroidism After a Cancer Diagnosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, Complications, and Management
Carter, Y. M., Sippel, R. S., & Chen, H. (2013) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0237 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Chemistry of thyroxine: an historical perspective and recent progress on its synthesis
Chemburkar, S. R., Deming, K. C., & Reddy, R. E. (2010) · Tetrahedron · doi:10.1016/j.tet.2009.12.044 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Time for a reassessment of the treatment of hypothyroidism
Midgley, J. E. M., Toft, A. D., Larisch, R., Dietrich, J. W., & Hoermann, R. (2019) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0365-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The history of ergot of rye (Claviceps purpurea) II: 1900–1940
Lee, M. (2009) · The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh · doi:10.4997/jrcpe.2009.416 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Experimental Development and Metabolism of Thyroid Gland Tumors
Morris, H. P. (1955) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60918-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone nuclear receptors: History and present state of art
Brtko, J. (2021) · Endocrine Regulations · doi:10.2478/enr-2021-0012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Thyroxine: its biosynthesis and its immunochemistry
Harington, C. R. (1944) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1944.0014 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationEndocrinology of Complex Life Cycles: Amphibians
Denver, R. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803592-4.00024-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vickery, H. B. (1972) · Advances in protein chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60140-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Recent progress in the physiology and biochemistry of thyroid hormones
Michel, R. (1956) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(56)90150-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOME TRIIODINATED ANALOGUES OF THYROXINE
Tomita, K., & Lardy, H. A. (1956) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)65719-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wilkinson, J. H., Sprott, W. E., Bowden, C. H., & Maclagan, N. F. (1954) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0560215 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The discovery of thyroid replacement therapy. Part 3: A complete transformation
Slater, S. D. (2011) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2010.10k052 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Biogenic Iodine and Iodine-Containing Metabolites
Dembitsky, V. M. (2006) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x0600100210 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kraut, E., & Farahani, P. (2015) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v38i6.26194 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Thyroactive Iodinated Proteins
Reineke, E. P. (1946) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61084-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
THE THYROXINE-LIKE ACTIVITY OF COMPOUNDS STRUCTURALLY RELATED TO THYROXINE
Frieden, E., & Winzler, R. J. (1948) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51012-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL INTERRELATIONS OF THE THYROID
Marine, D. (1935) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1935.92760250003009 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
History of Adrenal Research: From Ancient Anatomy to Contemporary Molecular Biology
Miller, W. L., & White, P. C. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac019 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Basal Metabolic Rate and Thyroid Hormones
Tata, J. R. (1964) · Advances in metabolic disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4831-6748-0.50010-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
IODINE METABOLISM OF THE THYROID GLAND
Mann, W., Leblond, C. P., & Warren, S. L. (1942) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45088-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Risks and safety of combination therapy for hypothyroidism
Jonklaas, J. (2016) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2016.1182019 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Patel, Y., & Burger, H. (1973) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1973.tb01720.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Über Verbleib und Ausscheidung des Jodes nach Zufuhr von Schilddrüsenstoffen
Krayer, O. (1928) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02130177 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Preparation and Criteria of Purity of the Amino Acids
Dunn, M. S., & Rockland, L. B. (1947) · Advances in protein chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60083-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Iodine metabolism in the thyroid gland of the rat
Pitt‐Rivers, R. (1962) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0820108 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The ups and downs of the thyroxine pro-hormone hypothesis
Galton, V. A. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.029 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A concise synthesis of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3′-Triiodo-l-thyronine (T3)
Salamończyk, G. M., Oza, V. B., & Sih, C. J. (1997) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01665-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Erlenmeyer synthesis of amino-acids
Lamb, J., & Robson, W. L. M. (1931) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0251231 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
ON THE FATE OF DIIODOTYROSINE IN THE ANIMAL ORGANISM
Foster, G. L., & Gutman, A. (1930) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)76862-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
THE USE OF RADIOIODINE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE THYROID GLAND
Raben, M. S., & Astwood, E. B. (1949) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci102201 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
STRUCTURAL ANALOGUES ANTAGONISTIC TO THYROXINE
Woolley, D. W. (1946) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43042-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Use of levothyroxine in the management of hypothyroidism: A historical perspective
Kahaly, G. J., & Gottwald-Hostalek, U. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1054983 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yip, C., & Klebanoff, S. J. (1963) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0006-3002(63)91426-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Risks of suboptimal and excessive thyroid hormone replacement across ages
Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Effraimidis, G., Bliddal, S., & Klose, M. (2023) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-023-02229-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Discoveries Around the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
Hershman, J. M., & Beck‐Peccoz, P. (2023) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0258 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
THE FORMATION OF THYROXINE IN IODINATED PROTEINS
Reineke, E. P. (1949) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb39858.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Note on the Erlenmeyer Amino-acid Synthesis
Harington, C. R., & McCartney, W. (1927) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0210852 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Harington, C. R., & Barger, G.
- Affiliations
- University College Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 1927-01-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 169-183
- ISSN
- 0306-3283 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1251886
- OpenAlex
- W2193104832
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 16.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Keywords
- thyroxine, chemical constitution, synthesis, thyroid hormones, iodinated thyroid hormones, organic synthesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
