Novel thyroxine formulations: a further step toward precision medicine
Abstract
Levothyroxine (T4) is a critical-dose drug, because little variations in the blood concentration may cause treatment failure as well as iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis. Despite the dose response of this drug being more carefully titrated nowadays, several papers still report that a significant fraction of patients treated with levothyroxine demonstrate a TSH which is not on target. Moreover, some widespread gastrointestinal disorders as well as interfering drugs and foods may cause the "refractoriness" of a significant number of patients to an expected dose of thyroxine. The increasing awareness of the mechanisms interfering with the oral thyroid hormone bioavailability and the body of evidence regarding the complexity of treatment in certain classes of patients prompted pharmaceutical research to identify new hormonal formulations to optimize the performance of this drug. In this brief review, the progression of the scientific knowledge of novel T4 formulations use has been analyzed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Non-tablet LT4 formulations (liquid solution and softgel capsule) have been manufactured and commercialized for clinical practice to overcome gastrointestinal absorption issues, although they are not available in every country.
“In an attempt to overcome the above-mentioned issues with gastrointestinal absorption (such as intake interference, drug interference, and pH dependence), non-tablet LT4 formulations, i.e., liquid solution (LS) and softgel capsule (SG), have been manufactured and commercialized for clinical practice, although they are not available in every country (13, 107).”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [107]
LS of LT4 is prepared with glycerol (and ethanol at the beginning of its commercialization), while SG represents a gelled form of LS and contains LT4 dissolved in water and glycerin.
“On the other hand, LS of LT4 is prepared with glycerol (and ethanol at the beginning of its commercialization), while SG represents a gelled form of LS and contains LT4 dissolved in water and glycerin (107).”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [107]
LT4 salt rapidly replaced DTE and became the standard therapy for hypothyroidism because it had fewer adverse effects and more accurate dosing.
“LT4 salt rapidly replaced DTE and became the standard therapy for hypothyroidism as there were fewer adverse effects and more accurate dosing (141).”
From Levothyroxine: conventional and novel drug delivery formulations. (2023) · cites this paper as [141]
Cites
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2006-0043 · Cited by 1,418 · see citing works
Thyroxine in Goiter, <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection, and Chronic Gastritis
Centanni, M., Gargano, L., Canettieri, G., Viceconti, N., Franchi, A., Fave, G. D., & Annibale, B. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa043903 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationHarington, C. R., & Barger, G. (1927) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0210169 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Treatment with thyroid hormone
Biondi, B., & Wartofsky, L. (2014) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2013-1083 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Lean Body Mass Is a Major Determinant of Levothyroxine Dosage in the Treatment of Thyroid Diseases
Santini, F., Pinchera, A., Marsili, A., Ceccarini, G., Castagna, M. G., Valeriano, R., Giannetti, M., Taddei, D., Centoni, R., Scartabelli, G., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1306 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The epidemiology of polypharmacy
Payne, R. (2016) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.16-5-465 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Timing of levothyroxine administration affects serum thyrotropin concentration
Bach-Huynh, T.-G., Nayak, B., Loh, J., Soldin, S., & Jonklaas, J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0860 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal malabsorption of thyroxine
Virili, C., Antonelli, A., Santaguida, M. G., Benvenga, S., & Centanni, M. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00168 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationDrug dissolution: significance of physicochemical properties and physiological conditions
Jambhekar, S. S., & Breen, P. J. (2013) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.013 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Delayed Intestinal Absorption of Levothyroxine
BENVENGA, S., BARTOLONE, L., SQUADRITO, S., GIUDICE, F. L., & TRIMARCHI, F. (1995) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1995.5.249 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Aspects of the absorption of oral L-thyroxine in normal man
Wenzel, K. W., & Kirschsieper, H. E. (1977) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(77)90121-4 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Localization of human thyroxine absorption
HAYS, M. T. (1991) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.1991.1.241 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1709318 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Pabla, D., Akhlaghi, F., & Zia, H. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.10.008 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Autoimmune Gastritis
Cellini, M., Santaguida, M. G., Virili, C., Capriello, S., Brusca, N., Gargano, L., & Centanni, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00092 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationAtypical celiac disease as cause of increased need for thyroxine: a systematic study
Virili, C., Bassotti, G., Santaguida, M. G., Iuorio, R., Del Duca, S. C., Mercuri, V., Picarelli, A., Gargiulo, P., Gargano, L., & Centanni, M. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1851 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosis and management of treatment-refractory hypothyroidism: an expert consensus report
Centanni, M., Benvenga, S., & Sachmechi, I. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-017-0706-y · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationVirili, C., & Centanni, M. (2017) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.053 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Vita, R., Saraceno, G., Trimarchi, F., & Benvenga, S. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2684 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The administration of l -thyroxine as soft gel capsule or liquid solution
Vita, R., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A., & Benvenga, S. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1517/17425247.2014.918101 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Vita, R., Saraceno, G., Trimarchi, F., & Benvenga, S. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9772-2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Does microbiota composition affect thyroid homeostasis?
Virili, C., & Centanni, M. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0509-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationTablet Splitting of a Narrow Therapeutic Index Drug: A Case with Levothyroxine Sodium
Shah, R. B., Collier, J. S., Sayeed, V. A., Bryant, A., Habib, M. J., & Khan, M. A. (2010) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-010-9515-8 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Yue, C., Scarsi, C., & Ducharme, M. P. (2012) · Arzneimittelforschung · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1329951 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S. M., Camastra, S., Politti, U., Ruffilli, I., Vita, R., Navarra, G., Benvenga, S., & Antonelli, A. (2017) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2247-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Cappelli, C., Pirola, I., Daffini, L., Formenti, A., Iacobello, C., Cristiano, A., Gandossi, E., Agabiti Rosei, E., & Castellano, M. (2016) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0422 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Pirola, I., Formenti, A. M., Gandossi, E., Mittempergher, F., Casella, C., Agosti, B., & Cappelli, C. (2013) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-013-1015-y · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Systematic appraisal of lactose intolerance as cause of increased need for oral thyroxine
Cellini, M., Santaguida, M. G., Gatto, I., Virili, C., Del Duca, S. C., Brusca, N., Capriello, S., Gargano, L., & Centanni, M. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1217 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationThyroxine replacement: a clinical endocrinologist’s viewpoint
Eligar, V, Taylor, P., Okosieme, O., Leese, G., & Dayan, C. (2016) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563216642255 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cassio, A., Monti, S., Rizzello, A., Bettocchi, I., Baronio, F., D'Addabbo, G., Bal, M. O., & Balsamo, A. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.070 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Thyroxine softgel capsule in patients with gastric-related T4 malabsorption
Santaguida, M. G., Virili, C., Duca, S. C. D., Cellini, M., Gatto, I., Brusca, N., De Vito, C., Gargano, L., & Centanni, M. (2015) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0476-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationThe emergence of levothyroxine as a treatment for hypothyroidism
Hennessey, J. V. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1199-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Peroni, E., Vigone, M. C., Mora, S., Bassi, L. A., Pozzi, C., Passoni, A., & Weber, G. (2014) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000356047 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Virili, C., Giovanella, L., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A., Santaguida, M. G., Centanni, M., & Trimboli, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationVita, R., & Benvenga, S. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13316.cr · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Guglielmi, R., Grimaldi, F., Negro, R., Frasoldati, A., Misischi, I., Graziano, F., Cipri, C., Guastamacchia, E., Triggiani, V., & Papini, E. (2018) · Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530318666180125155348 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Thyroxine treatment: absorption, malabsorption, and novel therapeutic approaches
Centanni, M. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9814-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationWard, L. S. (2010) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302010000500002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S. M., & Antonelli, A. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0836-y · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Benvenga, S., Di Bari, F., & Vita, R. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1244-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pirola, I., Daffini, L., Gandossi, E., Lombardi, D., Formenti, A., Castellano, M., & Cappelli, C. (2014) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0082-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S. M., Ruffilli, I., & Antonelli, A. (2016) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0439-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Colucci, P., D'Angelo, P., Mautone, G., Scarsi, C., & Ducharme, M. P. (2011) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e318217b69f · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Brancato, D., Scorsone, A., Saura, G., Ferrara, L., Di Noto, A., Aiello, V., Fleres, M., & Provenzano, V. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13418.or · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Vita, R., Di Bari, F., & Benvenga, S. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2017.1290604 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cappelli, C., Castello, R., Marini, F., Paoletta, A., Marchetti, M., Saullo, M., Cristiano, A., Pirola, I., Gandossi, E., Ferlin, A., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00699 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Seng Yue, C., Benvenga, S., Scarsi, C., Loprete, L., & Ducharme, M. (2015) · Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.18433/j36p5m · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Levothyroxine liquid solution versus tablet for replacement treatment in hypothyroid patients
Negro, R., Valcavi, R., Agrimi, D., & Toulis, K. A. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13378.or · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Robertson, H. M. A., Narayanaswamy, A. K. P., Pereira, O., Copland, S. A., Herriot, R., McKinlay, A. W., Bevan, J. S., & Abraham, P. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0661 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ribichini, D., Fiorini, G., Repaci, A., Castelli, V., Gatta, L., Vaira, D., & Pasquali, R. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1167-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Patients with lactose intolerance absorb liquid levothyroxine better than tablet levothyroxine
Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S. M., Marchi, S., De Bortoli, N., Ruffilli, I., & Antonelli, A. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1090-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Van Wilder, N., Bravenboer, B., Herremans, S., Vanderbruggen, N., & Velkeniers, B. (2017) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000452489 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Timing of breakfast does not influence therapeutic efficacy of liquid levothyroxine formulation
Morelli, S., Reboldi, G., Moretti, S., Menicali, E., Avenia, N., & Puxeddu, E. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0788-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Laurent, I., Tang, S., Astère, M., Wang, K. R., Deng, S., Xiao, L., & Li, Q. F. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1574-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cappelli, C., Pirola, I., Gandossi, E., Cristiano, A., Daffini, L., Agosti, B., Casella, C., & Castellano, M. (2016) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/9043450 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S. M., & Antonelli, A. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161545.or · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Increased requirement of replacement doses of levothyroxine caused by liver cirrhosis.
Benvenga, S., Capodicasa, G., Perelli, S., Ferrari, S. M., Fallahi, P., & Antonelli, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00150 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Levothyroxine liquid solution versus tablet form for replacement treatment in pregnant women
Cappelli, C., Negro, R., Pirola, I., Gandossi, E., Agosti, B., & Castellano, M. (2016) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2015.1113518 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Utility of a Liquid Formulation of Levo-thyroxine in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients
Giusti, M., Mortara, L., Machello, N., Monti, E., Pera, G., & Marenzana, M. (2014) · Drug Research · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1384535 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ernst, F. R., Sandulli, W., Elmor, R., Welstead, J., Sterman, A. B., & Lavan, M. (2017) · Drugs in R&D · doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0150-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ferrara, R., Ientile, V., Arcoraci, V., Ferrajolo, C., Piccinni, C., Fontana, A., Benvenga, S., & Trifirò, G. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1242-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S. M., Materazzi, G., Ragusa, F., Ruffilli, I., Patrizio, A., Miccoli, P., & Antonelli, A. (2018) · Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/lio2.186 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dansuk, R., Ünal, O., Karşıdağ, Y. K., et al. (2005) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590400020880 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cappelli, C., Pirola, I., Daffini, L., Gandossi, E., Agosti, B., & Castellano, M. (2014) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2014.09.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pirola, I., Gandossi, E., Brancato, D., Marini, F., Cristiano, A., Delbarba, A., Agosti, B., Castellano, M., & Cappelli, C. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-018-0867-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Trimboli, P., Virili, C., Centanni, M., & Giovanella, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00118 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationBenvenga, S., Capodicasa, G., & Perelli, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00321 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Is levothyroxine requirement the same for tablet and soft gel formulations?
Di Donna, V., Paragliola, R. M., de Waure, C., Papi, G., Pontecorvi, A., & Corsello, S. M. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1311-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reardon, D. P., & Yoo, P. S. (2016) · Case Reports in Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/1316724 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Peirce, C., Ippolito, S., Lanas, A., Pesce, M., Pontieri, G., Arpaia, D., Sarnelli, G., & Biondi, B. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1367-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kim, P. J., & Sachmechi, I. (2015) · AACE Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.4158/ep14051.cr · Cited by 14 · see citing works
In vivo dissolution of levothyroxine soft gel capsules
Fiorini, G., Ribichini, D., Pasquali, R., & Vaira, D. (2016) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1526-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tortora, A., La Sala, D., & Vitale, M. (2019) · Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports · doi:10.1530/edm-19-0026 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Morini, E., Catalano, A., Lasco, A., Morabito, N., & Benvenga, S. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-01908-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Resistance to levothyroxine in a bariatric surgery patient: an indication for liquid formulation?
Hommel, C., & Delgrange, E. (2016) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1080/17843286.2016.1196861 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Intestinal absorption and buccal absorption of liquid levothyroxine
Benvenga, S., & Di Bari, F. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1250-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oral mucositis induced by treatment with soft gel formulation of levothyroxine
Messina, E., Ferraù, F., & Cannavò, S. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1312-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Levothyroxine: conventional and novel drug delivery formulations.
Liu, H., Li, W., Zhang, W., Sun, S., & Chen, C. (2023) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnac030 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Levothyroxine therapy in gastric malabsorptive disorders
Virili, C., Brusca, N., Capriello, S., & Centanni, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.621616 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationLevothyroxine therapy in thyrodectomized patients
Miccoli, P., Materazzi, G., & Rossi, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.626268 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Castellana, M., Castellana, C., Giovanella, L., & Trimboli, P. (2020) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02185-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationCentanni, M., Duntas, L., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Koehrle, J., Peeters, R. P., Razvi, S., Trimboli, P., & Virili, C. (2025) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-25-0123 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…absorption (such as intake interference, drug interference, and pH dependence), non-tablet LT4 formulations, i.e., liquid solution (LS) and softgel capsule (SG), have been manufactured and commercialized for clinical practice, although they are not available in every country (13, 107).”
Self-citationDifferent formulations of levothyroxine for treating hypothyroidism: a real-life study
Trimboli, P., Scappaticcio, L., De Bellis, A., Maiorino, M. I., Knappe, L., Esposito, K., Bellastella, G., & Giovanella, L. (2020) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2020/4524759 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationLevothyroxine treatment and gastric juice pH in humans: the proof of concept
Virili, C., Bruno, G., Santaguida, M. G., Gargano, L., Stramazzo, I., De Vito, C., Cicenia, A., Scalese, G., Porowska, B., Severi, C., et al. (2022) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-022-03056-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBornikowska, K., Gietka-Czernel, M., Raczkiewicz, D., Glinicki, P., & Zgliczyński, W. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10225233 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The performance of levothyroxine tablet is impaired by bariatric surgery
Trimboli, P., Ossola, N., Torre, A., Mongelli, F., Quarenghi, M., Camponovo, C., Lucchini, B., Rotondi, M., Ruinelli, L., & Garofalo, F. (2022) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-022-03289-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAdministration and pharmacokinetics of levothyroxine
Lipp, H.-P. (2021) · 70 Years of Levothyroxine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63277-9_2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
L-T4 therapy in the presence of pharmacological interferents
Benvenga, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.607446 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tortora, A., La Sala, D., & Vitale, M. (2019) · Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports · doi:10.1530/edm-19-0026 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Seeking optimization of LT4 treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Stramazzo, I., Capriello, S., Antonelli, A., Fallahi, P., Centanni, M., & Virili, C. (2022) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-022-00376-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDaily requirement of softgel thyroxine is independent from gastric juice pH
Virili, C., Capriello, S., Stramazzo, I., Brusca, N., Santaguida, M. G., Gargano, L., Bagaglini, M. F., Bruno, G., Severi, C., & Centanni, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1002583 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of dose-TSH response effect of levothyroxine soft-gel formulation
Trimboli, P., Piticchio, T., Dadda, Z., Stramazzo, I., Gamarra, E., Ruinelli, L., & Virili, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1340204 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Virili, C., Trimboli, P., & Centanni, M.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Centanni, Marco
- Venue
- Endocrine
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 87-94
- ISSN
- 0969-711X (ISSN-L)
- 1355-008X
- 1559-0100
- OpenAlex
- W2980531828
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- levothyroxine, precision medicine, drug interactions, gastrointestinal diseases, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotoxicosis, dose titration
- MeSH terms
- Dosage Forms, Humans, Thyroxine, Precision Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
