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Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation
Open accessAbstract
The IL (interleukin)-6-type cytokines IL-6, IL-11, LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor), OSM (oncostatin M), ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1 and cardiotrophin-like cytokine are an important family of mediators involved in the regulation of the acute-phase response to injury and infection. Besides their functions in inflammation and the immune response, these cytokines play also a crucial role in haematopoiesis, liver and neuronal regeneration, embryonal development and fertility. Dysregulation of IL-6-type cytokine signalling contributes to the onset and maintenance of several diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis and various types of cancer (e.g. multiple myeloma and prostate cancer). IL-6-type cytokines exert their action via the signal transducers gp (glycoprotein) 130, LIF receptor and OSM receptor leading to the activation of the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades. This review focuses on recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IL-6-type cytokine signal transduction. Emphasis is put on the termination and modulation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway mediated by tyrosine phosphatases, the SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signalling) feedback inhibitors and PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STAT) proteins. Also the cross-talk between the JAK/STAT pathway with other signalling cascades is discussed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review summarizes IL-6-type cytokine signalling through gp130, LIFR and OSMR, covering JAK/STAT and MAPK activation and the mechanisms that terminate or modulate these pathways. It emphasizes negative regulation by tyrosine phosphatases, SOCS feedback inhibitors and PIAS proteins, as well as cross-talk with other signalling cascades.
Key findings
- IL-6-type cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, LIF, OSM, CNTF, CT-1 and CLC) signal via gp130 homodimers or gp130–LIFR/OSMR heterodimers; all potently activate STAT3 and, to a lesser extent, STAT1 through gp130, while OSMR is the most potent activator of STAT5.
- Receptor activation requires more than simple dimerization: efficient gp130 activation by monoclonal antibodies required two distinct antibodies, with the minimal requirement being one intact antibody plus the Fab of a second; insertion of one to four alanines into the gp130 membrane-proximal intracellular region gave full activation only with wild-type and the +3A mutant, interpreted as an approx. 110° twist per alanine and approx. 330° for three.
- JAK1 is essential for IL-6 signalling; gp130, LIFR and OSMR bind JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2. JAK1 mobility is approx. 100-fold lower than that of a typical cytoplasmic protein, and gp130 residues including box1 prolines and Trp666 are critical for JAK binding, while W652A abrogates JAK1 activation without affecting JAK1 association.
- Signal termination involves SHP2 and SOCS3 at gp130 pTyr759, with SOCS3 binding gp130 peptides with slightly higher affinity than SHP2; SOCS1 and SOCS3 inhibit JAKs, PIAS1 inhibits STAT1 and PIAS3 inhibits STAT3. Reported half-lives include SOCS1 1.5 h, SOCS2 1 h, SOCS3 1.6 h, IL-6Rα 2–3 h, gp130 2.5 h, JAK1 3.2 h, JAK2 1.9 h, TYK2 2 h, STAT3α 8.5 h, STAT3β 4.5 h, STAT1 16 h and SHP-2 18–20 h.
Methods
- Narrative review of molecular mechanisms of IL-6-type cytokine signal transduction, focusing on advances made during the previous 5 years in receptor activation, JAK–receptor interactions, STAT activation, signal modulation and cross-talk.
- Synthesizes structural, mutagenesis, biochemical and in vivo findings from the literature; no primary experimental dataset is presented, and the text includes models and a table of half-lives drawn from cited studies.
Limitations
- The authors state that key structural data are still missing, including the structure and conformational states of the cytoplasmic parts of cytokine receptors, and that three-dimensional structures of JAKs and SOCS proteins would be extremely valuable.
- The authors state that mathematical models of this complexity suffer from a lack of sufficient quantitative experimental data, and that cross-talk and biological outcomes depend on cell type and differentiation state.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not use a systematic search or meta-analysis, and it includes unpublished work/personal communications and unresolved conflicting findings, such as JNK versus p38 involvement in STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation and the positive versus negative regulatory functions reported for STAT3β.
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In the paper
“Human OSM has the exceptional capability to recruit two different receptor complexes.It forms both LIFR-gp130 and OSMR-gp130 heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“LIF and OSM directly engage their signalling receptor subunits without requirement for additional α-receptor subunits (Figure 2) [4,6].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Soluble forms of cytokine receptors in vivo are formed either by limited proteolysis (shedding) of membrane-bound receptors or by translation from an alternatively spliced mRNA [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“It has been demonstrated that sIL-6Rα potentiates the antagonistic activity of sgp130.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“In contrast with IL-6, and presumably also IL-11, where all the helices are straight, the A helix of LIF, OSM and CNTF is kinked [17,18].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“The minimal requirement for receptor activation is one intact antibody and the Fab (fragment antigen binding) of the second antibody.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“It has been shown that these domains are necessary for coupling ligand binding and signal transduction, since deletion of these domains leads to signalling incompetent receptors [36,37].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“Thus in the homodimer two different binding epitopes of gp130 are involved in ligand recognition [23].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“The interaction sites predicted by mutagenesis studies have recently been confirmed by the X-ray structure of KSHV-IL-6 bound to a soluble gp130 fragment comprising the CBM and the Ig-like domain [24].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“In contrast with the α-receptors, the receptors that initiate signal transduction have three additional membrane-proximal FNIII domains [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“This structural divergence might reflect differences in the mechanisms of receptor recruitment, since the straight cytokines signal via gp130 homodimers, whereas the kinked cytokines signal via LIFR-gp130 or OSMR-gp130 heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Of these, JAK1 plays an essential role, because in cells lacking JAK1 IL-6 signal transduction is greatly impaired [51,52,134].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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“This finding has been interpreted in a way that the bivalent intact antibody enforces receptor dimerization and the monovalent Fab adjusts the conformation required for JAK activation and downstream signalling [40].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“Some evidence has been provided that under certain circumstances gp130 and LIFR are degraded after internalization [30][31][32].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“While for gp130, the STATs were found to depend on a specific conformation in order to become phosphorylated, for the EpoR the receptor phosphorylation seems to be sensitive to changes in orientation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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- Not matchedcites [45]
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In the paper
“KSHV-IL-6 binds the gp130 homodimer in the absence of any α-receptor [16], but with lower affinity as compared with IL-6-IL-6Rα-gp130 ternary complexes.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Internalization of gp130 seems to be independent from ligand binding [28], and is modulated by phosphorylation at Ser 782 [29] which is located adjacent to the dileucine motif.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“ErbB2 forms a complex with gp130 in an IL-6-dependent manner in prostate carcinoma cells [35].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“In certain cell types, a localization of gp130 in plasma membrane microdomains, such as lipid rafts and caveolae, has been observed [9][10][11].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“After secretion of the CLC-CLF-1 or CLC-CNTFRα complexes, signalling is dependent on CNTFRα and occurs via gp130-LIFR heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Constantinescu et al. [46] identified a hydrophobic motif in the EpoR membrane-proximal domain (Leu 253 , Ile 257 and Trp 258 ) which is conserved in many cytokine receptors and needs to be precisely orientated in order to promote signalling.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“PKCδ enhances the association of STAT3 with the receptor, which possibly involves the phosphorylation of Thr 890 of gp130 [67].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“All IL-6-type cytokines potently activate STAT3, and to a minor extent STAT1 through their common receptor subunit gp130 [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“The Cterminal tyrosine kinase domain is preceded by a pseudokinase domain, which itself is devoid of catalytic activity, but regulates the activity of the kinase domain [3].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“In the cases of LIFR and OSMR, STAT3 and STAT1, as well as STAT5, activation has been observed, with OSMR being the most potent activator of STAT5 [56].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“These results were confirmed by Chung et al. [105], who also observed that IL-6-induced STAT3 activation is MAPK independent, but sensitive to H7.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Serine phosphorylation
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In the paper
“Cdk9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9) was also found to bind to gp130, and the association increased upon IL-6 stimulation of HEK 293 cells over-expressing gp130 and Cdk9 [66].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“Deletion of these amino acids reduces IL-6-induced Hck kinase activity, ERK (extracellular-regulated kinase) activation, dephosphorylation of Pyk2 and proliferation of transfected pro-B Ba/F3 cells [65].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“A conformational change in the SH2 domain may account for this dual specificity [91].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“The recruitment of STATs to the activated receptors has been shown to be mediated by their SH2 domain and requires the phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine motifs [74,[81][82][83].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“substitution of Trp 652 with alanine (W652A) within the box1 region has no effect on JAK1 association but abrogates JAK1 activation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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- Not matchedcites [55]
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In the paper
“Mutations with similar consequences (no JAK activation in spite of JAK association) have been described for the EpoR [59], indicating that cytokine receptors in general contribute to the JAK-activation process.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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- Not matchedcites [59]
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In the paper
“human fibrosarcoma cells lacking JAK1 express less OSMR at their surface compared with the parental cells, but transient transfection of JAK1 can again increase the amount of surface-expressed receptors [49].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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- Not matchedcites [49]
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In the paper
“Box2 of gp130, a sequence dominated by hydrophobic amino acids followed by charged ones, contributes to JAK binding, presumably by increasing the affinity; a gp130 construct lacking box2 coprecipitates with JAK1 only when the kinase is over-expressed [55].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“This leads to the formation of active STAT dimers, also shown to be mediated by their SH2 domains [90].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In response to IL-6, Gab1 is tyrosine phosphorylated and interacts subsequently with SHP2 and PI3K.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study [112] on STAT3 activation in response to EGF (epidermal growth factor) suggests that receptor-mediated endocytosis is required for shuttling of STAT3 from the plasma membrane to the perinuclear region.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
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Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“In the DNA-binding domain of STAT1, initially an NES was postulated that comprises residues 399-410 [108].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
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- Not matchedcites [108]
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- Not matched
In the paper
“Compared with the unmethylated protein, methylated STAT1 has a higher tendency to associate with DNA, since its interaction with PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STATs) 1 (see the subsection below entitled 'PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?') seems to be weaker [106].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Methylation of STATs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [106]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The family of IL-6-type cytokines not only activates ERK1/2, a MAPK known for cellular processes that maintain cell survival, but also the stress-activated members of the MAPK family: p38 and JNK [140-142] (Figure 6).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [140]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [141]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [142]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Sensitivity to leptomycin suggests that nuclear export of STAT1 involves the nuclear export receptor CRM-1 that also acts in a Randependent manner [108,109].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, from an earlier study [113], it was concluded that nuclear translocation of STAT1 in response to IFNγ does not require cytoskeletal structures, such as actin filaments or microtubules.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [113]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“According to the current view of the SHP2-dependent activation of MAPKs adopted from EGF and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) signal transduction, SHP2 links the Grb2-SOS (growthfactor-receptor-bound protein/Son of Sevenless) complex and/or Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) to gp130 [127,129,130].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [127]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [129]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [130]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In response to IL-2, Epo, EGF, and PDGF, SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 3) becomes tyrosine phosphorylated, and subsequently binds and inactivates Ras/GTPase-activating protein.This results in the inhibition of the GTPase activity of Ras, leading to a sustained Ras/GTP and MAPK activity [139].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“SHP2 is rapidly recruited to tyrosine-phosphorylated gp130 and becomes also phosphorylated in a JAK1-dependent manner [131].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dimerization of IL-6-type cytokine receptors does not only lead to activation of the JAK/STAT-signalling pathway, but also to the induction of the MAPK cascade.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, nuclear accumulation of constitutively active STAT proteins is independent from endocytosis, because in these cases the STATs are not recruited to any plasma membrane receptor [110,114].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [114]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“PIAS1 inhibits STAT1 signalling [179], but conversely enhances the transcriptional activity of nuclear hormone receptors [180].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [179]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [180]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Whereas SHP2 modulates the amount and amplitude of STAT3 activity [131,158], PTPεC affects the kinetics of the onset of STAT3 activation [169].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [158]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [169]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that PI3K activation upon IL-6 treatment is observed in a cell-type specific manner; e.g.no significant Akt activation could be observed in IL-6treated HepG2 hepatoma cells [149].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enzyme modifies certain phosphatidylinositides, so that the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B/Akt is recruited to the plasma membrane, where it becomes activated through phosphorylation by PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Early results suggested the presence of a nuclear phosphatase which counteracts IFNγ -activated STAT1 and contributes to its nuclear export [121,173].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [121]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [173]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Interaction of SHP2 with JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2, and phosphorylation of SHP2 by JAK1 and JAK2, have at least been shown to occur in vitro [131,162].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [162]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“IL-6-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in protection against apoptosis, as well as in enhanced proliferation of multiple myeloma cells [145][146][147].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The cytoplasmic variant of PTPε, PTPεC, is expressed in haematopoietic cells and has been shown to selectively inhibit IL-6-induced gp130, JAK and STAT activation [168].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [168]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the IL-6induced activation of the MAPK cascade is impaired by mutation of Tyr 759 within gp130, indicating that SHP2, as an adaptor, has a positive function on the activation of the MAPK cascade (as shown in Figure 1).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The family of PIAS comprises five mammalian members: PIAS1, PIAS3, PIASxα, PIASxβ, and PIASy.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus methylation not only supports STAT activity (by preventing PIAS association), but also promotes its inactivation by dephosphorylation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Experiments in vivo underscore the in vitro findings in demonstrating that mice expressing gp130 lacking Tyr 759 display splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and an enhanced acute-phase reaction [161].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [161]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences suggest that signalling components requiring posttranslational modifications for their activation are long-lived, whereas the activity of short-lived proteins is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Half-lives of signalling components: party as long as you live
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Whereas the feedback inhibitors SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3 are very short-lived, STAT1, STAT3α and SHP2 have slow turnover rates.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Half-lives of signalling components: party as long as you live
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [222]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [223]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The eight members of this family (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7) contain a central SH2 domain, as well as a C-terminal domain called a SOCS box (Figure 4).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 8Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For gp130, SOCS3 has been found to bind to the phosphotyrosine motif 759 [197,198], which is also the binding site for SHP2.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [197]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [198]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Phosphorylation occurs at two tyrosine residues (Tyr 204 and Tyr 221 ) within the SOCS box and phosphorylation of Tyr 221 recruits p120 RasGAP leading to sustained ERK activation [139].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other reports, however, suggest that elongin C binding can stabilize SOCS1 and that the disruption of the interaction leads to proteasomal degradation of SOCS1 [206,215].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [206]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [215]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Expression of SOCS proteins was found to be rapidly up-regulated by IL-6 (CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3), LIF (CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3), IL-11 (SOCS3) and OSM (CIS, SOCS1 and SOCS3) [32,190,192,193].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [190]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [192]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As SOCS proteins are induced via the JAK/STAT pathway and subsequently inhibit STAT-mediated signal transduction, they are acting as classical feedback inhibitors.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These phosphotyrosine residues may be part of an activated receptor or the tyrosine-phosphorylated C-terminal tail of SHP2 (from [156]).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [156]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FKHR specifically enhanced the activity of STAT3-dependent promoters, such as the α 2 M promoter, but not that of a STAT5-responsive promoter.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other signalling pathways have been shown to induce stabilization of cytokine mRNAs as well: the JNK pathway induces stabilization of the short-lived IL-2 mRNA [219], and PI3K activation induces stabilization of IL-3 mRNA [220].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [219]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [220]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“PI3K activation induces stabilization of IL-3 mRNA [220]”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [220]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The nuclear receptor co-repressor SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoic and thyroid hormone receptors) is a potential binding partner for STAT5 and represses STAT5-dependent transcription [255].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [255]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Furthermore, FKHR and STAT3 can be co-immunoprecipitated and co-localize in the nucleus of IL-6-treated HepG2 cells [149].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the JNK pathway induces stabilization of the short-lived IL-2 mRNA [219]”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [219]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, an EZI mutant predominantly localized in the cytoplasm inhibited nuclear localization of STAT3, as well as STAT3-mediated transactivation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, Nmi itself is induced by IL-2 and IFNγ , indicating a positive feedback loop within this signal transduction.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [253]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This interaction is further modulated by Nmi (N-Myc interactor) which augments CBP recruitment to STAT1 and STAT5, and potentiates IL-2 and IFNγ signalling [253].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [253]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The authors state this as an assumption.
The membrane-proximal FNIII domains bridge the ~9 nm distance between the CBM C-termini so that the cytoplasmic parts are close enough to become activated by associated JAKs.
“The membrane-proximal FNIII domains might bridge this distance so that the cytoplasmic parts are in close enough proximity to become activated by the associated JAKs (Figure 5).This assumption is supported by a recent study on the role of the gp130 FNIII domains for heterodimerization with the LIFR [38].”
The paper relies on this without support.
gp130 is ubiquitously expressed.
“Although gp130 is ubiquitously expressed, the number of cells that respond to a certain IL-6-type cytokine is limited, since the expression of the other receptor subunits, especially of the α-receptors, is more restricted and tightly regulated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6-type cytokines form a subfamily of helix bundle cytokines.
“IL-6-type cytokines form a subfamily of the helix bundle cytokines.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All IL-6-type cytokines comprise four long α-helices A-D arranged in an up-up-down-down topology.
“All IL-6-type cytokines comprise four long α-helices termed A, B, C and D, which are arranged in a way that leads to an up-up-down-down topology (Figure 3).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each receptor contains at least one cytokine-binding module (CBM) comprising two FNIII domains.
“Each receptor contains at least one cytokine-binding module (CBM) that comprises two FNIII-domains.”
The paper relies on this without support.
JAKs bind to the membrane-proximal region of cytokine receptors, which contains conserved box1 and box2 motifs.
“JAKs bind to the membrane-proximal region of cytokine receptors, which contains conserved so-called box1 and box2 motifs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The N-terminal region of JAKs comprises a FERM domain crucial for receptor association.
“The N-terminal region of JAKs comprises a FERM (fourpoint-one, ezrin, radixin and moesin) domain which is crucial for receptor association.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The STAT family encompasses seven mammalian members.
“The STAT family of transcription factors encompasses seven mammalian members, designated STAT1, -2, -3, -4, -5a, -5b and -6.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In response to IL-6 stimulation, cytoplasmic STAT3 rapidly accumulates in the nucleus.
“In response to IL-6 stimulation, cytoplasmic STAT3 rapidly accumulates in the nucleus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nuclear accumulation is triggered by STAT dimerization in response to tyrosine phosphorylation.
“Nuclear accumulation is triggered by STAT dimerization in response to tyrosine phosphorylation.”
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“IL-6Rα expression is normally associated with hepatocytes and leukocytes but has also been described in cancer cells, including PDAC.”
From Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The cytokine IL-6 triggers multiple downstream responses, including metabolic regulation.”
From Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“IL-6, which was discovered in 1986 (27), is a pleiotropic cytokine involved not only in immune responses but also in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, embryonic development and other fundamental processes (1, 21, 28–32).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“IL-6 interacts with a monomeric receptor (IL-6R), which consists of 468 amino acid residues and contains a region of 90 amino acids homological to certain domains of immunoglobulins [175,176].”
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“Because IL-6 is synthesized in a local lesion in the initial stage of in ammation or infection and then moves to the liver where acute phase proteins such as CRP are rapidly induced, incrementation of serum IL-6 concentration usually precedes elevation of other in ammatory biomarkers and also clinical signs such as fe…”
BackgroundBouaouiche, S., Ghione, S., Sghaier, R., Burgy, O., Racoeur, C., Dérangère, V., Bettaı̈eb, A., & Plenchette, S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168449 · Cited by 19
“IL-6 also mediates its effect through the activation of other oncogenic signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways [8].”
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“…of CNTF to its three-part receptor complex (CNTFR) activates the Janus family of tyrosine kinases (Jak1/Jak2), leading to tyrosine phosphorylation, dimerization and nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (Heinrich et al., 2003; Simi and Ibanez, 2010).”
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“Additionally, IL-6 association with IL-6Ra can induce phosphorylation of the SHP-2 binding site on gp130, resulting in ERK activation (3, 4).”
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The Role of Glycoprotein 130 Family of Cytokines in Fetal Rat Lung Development
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“The gp130 cytokine receptors signal directly through the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAKSTAT) pathway, particularly STAT3 and STAT1 [6,9].”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuropoietin induces neuroepithelial cells to differentiate into astrocytes via activation of STAT3
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Altered endochondral ossification in collagen X mouse models leads to impaired immune responses
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“Nonetheless, it is clear from our data that EG-4F-STAT1 and EG-4F-STAT3 preferentially activate STAT1 and STAT3, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular signature of cell cycle exit induced in human T lymphoblasts by IL-2 withdrawal
Chechlińska, M., Siwicki, J. K., Goś, M., Oczko‐Wojciechowska, M., Jarząb, M., Pfeifer, A., Jarząb, B., & Steffen, J. A. (2009) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-261 · Cited by 18
“Among those, PIM1, BCL2, IL-8, HBEGF, DUSP6, OSM, CISH, SOCS2, SOCS3, LIF and IL13 were down-regulated and RPS24, SQSTM1, TMEM1, LRRC8D, ECOP, YY1AP1, C1orf63, ASAH1, SLC25A46 and MIA3 were up-regulated.”
BackgroundInfluentialHead and neck cancer triggers increased IL-6 production of CD34+ stem cells from human cord blood.
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JAK-STAT signaling regulation of chicken embryonic stem cell differentiation into male germ cells
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Early warning biomarkers in major depressive disorder: a strategic approach to a testing question
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MANF: A New Player in the Control of Energy Homeostasis, and Beyond
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“Activated gp130 signals via JAK/STAT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and/or phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways (Boulton et al., 1994; Stahl et al., 1994; Oh et al., 1998; Heinrich et al., 2003).”
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“SOCS-3 was included because it is an inducible LIF response gene required for feedback regulation of LIF signaling pathways (14).”
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“Tyrosine phosphorylatedSTAT3(pYSTAT3)formshomodimersorheterodimers andtranslocatestothenucleus,whereitmodulatesthetranscriptionof genesimplicatedincellproliferation,survival,andimmuneevasion 27,28 .”
Rolvering, C., Zimmer, A. D., Ginolhac, A., Margue, C., Kirchmeyer, M., Servais, F., Hermanns, H. M., Hergovits, S., Nazarov, P. V., Nicot, N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.ma1217-495r · Cited by 17
Self-citationRole of TGM2 in T‑cell lymphoblastic lymphoma via regulation of IL‑6/JAK/STAT3 signalling
Wang, Y., Zheng, N., Sun, T., Zhao, H., Chen, Y., & Liu, C. (2022) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2022.12592 · Cited by 17
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Targeting immunoregulation for cardiac regeneration
Li, R., Xiang, C., Li, Y., & Nie, Y. (2023) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.02.003 · Cited by 18
oHSV-P10 reduces glioma stem cell enrichment after oncolytic HSV therapy
Sahu, U., Mullarkey, M. P., Pei, G., et al. (2023) · Molecular Therapy — Oncolytics · doi:10.1016/j.omto.2023.03.003 · Cited by 17
“IL6 binds to its receptors and initiates signaling through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway.(9) Immunofluorescence staining of oHSV-Q-infected cells revealed increased staining for nuclear phospho-STAT3 at tyrosine 705 residue as well as an increased percentage of ce…”
BackgroundNitroglycerin: a comprehensive review in cancer therapy
Meunier, M., Yammine, A., Bettaı̈eb, A., & Plenchette, S. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05838-5 · Cited by 19
“IL-6-dependent migration/invasion: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a critical cytokine and key inflammatory mediator within the TME that is strongly implicated in almost all hallmarks of cancer such as inflammation, cell proliferation/inhibition of cell death, migration/ invasiveness, and metastasis formation [54].”
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“IL-6 binding to mbIL6R recruits membrane-bound glycoprotein 130 (gp130), initiating downstream signaling through Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) kinases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and MAPKs such as p38 [45].”
BackgroundExpression of leukemia inhibitory factor in the rat retina following acute ocular hypertension
Hu, Q., HUANG, C., Wang, Y., & Wu, R. (2015) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4287 · Cited by 17
“Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a member of the interleukin (IL)-6 family, has been revealed to be a potential neuroprotective cytokine (3).”
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Cytokines as regulators of proliferation and survival of healthy and malignant peripheral B cells
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Modeling the Intra- and Extracellular Cytokine Signaling Pathway under Heat Stroke in the Liver
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“In the ‘‘classic’’ (anti-inflammatory) pathway, IL-6 first binds to its nonsignaling membrane-bound IL-6R (also called a-receptor subunit, IL-6Ra) followed by recruitment of the signaling transducing receptor subunit gp130 to the complex, resulting in activation of anti-inflammatory cascades [88,89].”
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“After association, CNTFR-a complexes with the integral proteins LIF, and the common signal transducing receptor chain glycoprotein 130, initiating the signal cascade [57, 58].”
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“OSMR encodes oncostatin M receptor-beta (OSMRβ), a component of both the OSM type II receptor and the interleukin (IL)-31 receptor (8, 9), whereas IL31RA encodes the IL-31 receptor alpha, which combines with OSMRβ to form the IL-31 receptor (7).”
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“6,45 Furthermore, high secretion levels of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and CCL5 were detected in these patients.”
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Development of non‐catecholaminergic sympathetic neurons in para‐ and prevertebral ganglia of cats
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“Cytokines include oncostatin M, cardiotrophin-like cytokine and neuropoietin/cardiotrophin 2 signalling via binding to receptor complexes (Heinrich et al., 2003).”
BackgroundLeise, B. S., Watts, M. R., Tanhoff, E., Johnson, P. J., Black, S. J., & Belknap, J. K. (2012) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00944.x · Cited by 19
Association of Phagocytic NADPH Oxidase Activity With Hypertensive Heart Disease
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Extrinsic regulation of T‐type Ca2+ channel expression in chick nodose ganglion neurons
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“Ultimately, receptor stimulation causes activation of various intracellular signaling molecules including MAP kinases and STAT transcription factors (Dziennis and Habecker, 2003; Jiao et al., 2003; Rhee et al., 2004; reviewed by Heinrich et al., 2003).”
Zhang, S., Hwaiz, R. A., Luo, L., Herwald, H., & Thorlacius, H. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00324.2014 · Cited by 17
Cytokines of the LIF/CNTF family and metabolism.
Pasquin, S., Sharma, M., & Gauchat, J. (2016) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.019 · Cited by 20
Liu, X.-F., Jie, C., Zhang, Z., Yan, S., Wang, J.-J., Wang, X., Kurian, S. M., Salomon, D. R., Abecassis, M. M., & Hummel, M. (2016) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000407 · Cited by 17
“…et al., 2001; http://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org 945 Downloaded from www.microbiologyresearch.org by IP: 54.70.40.11 On: Thu, 13 Dec 2018 07:58:33 Heinrich et al., 2003) were also strongly upregulated at 3 h. IL-6 expression itself did not meet the threshold for statistical significance in the…”
BackgroundInfluentialOxidative Damage and Inflammation Biomarkers
Haase, G. M., & Prasad, K. N. (2016) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000001072 · Cited by 17
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“2 Interleukin-6 IL-6, secreted by MNC and adipose tissue (83) is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (84) and it has type-I cell surface cytokine receptor (85).”
BackgroundCasson, J., O’Kane, S., Smith, C., Dalby, M. J., & Berry, C. C. (2018) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app8030412 · Cited by 17
“In vivo, cells would migrate toward the source of IL‐6 [39], in the case of this in vitro experiment, there is no singular source of IL‐6 (such as co‐cultured cells) and concentration is uniform across the whole culture.”
BackgroundExtra-Hepatic Cancer Represses Hepatic Drug Metabolism Via Interleukin (IL)-6 Signalling
Kacevska, M., Mahns, A., Sharma, R., Clarke, S. J., Robertson, G. R., & Liddle, C. (2013) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1042-3 · Cited by 17
“Other IL-6 interventions have explored the targeting of IL-6 trans-signalling through the IL-6/sIL-6R complex (47), as well as downstream mediators of the IL-6 signal such as STAT3 and SOCS3, shown in our studies to be differentially regulated by the presence of cancer.”
Kourylko, O., Fradette, C., Arcand, M., et al. (2005) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.105.006528 · Cited by 17
“…factors of the signal transducers and activators of transcription family, 2) the Ras-Raf-MAP3K pathway, with downstream activation of Erk1/2, 3) the stress-activated members p38MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and 4) the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate/ Akt pathway (Heinrich et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Role of Cytokines in Postherpetic Neuralgia
Shen, Y., & Lin, P. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin25829 · Cited by 16
Glial Cells in the Early Stages of Neurodegeneration: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets
Ahremenko, E. A., Andreev, A., Apushkin, D., & Korkotian, E. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262411995 · Cited by 20
Proteome profiling of chicken ovarian follicles immediately before and after cyclic recruitment
Boukherroub, K. S., & Johnson, A. L. (2021) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.23522 · Cited by 16
“OSM is a member of the IL6 family cytokine (Heinrich et al., 2003) and although very little is known about its role in the ovary, it was recently reported that its transcript is expressed in the GC of subordinate atretic follicles in the bovine ovary and it is proposed to play a role in mediating…”
BackgroundAbali, A. E., Cabioglu, T., Bayraktar, N., Ozdemir, B., Moray, G., & Haberal, M. (2021) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irab142 · Cited by 15
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“Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family are the major participants in the IL-6 signaling cascade ( Alonzi et al., 2001 ; Heinrich et al., 2003 ).”
Yu, N., Cui, H., Jin, S., Liu, P., Fang, Y., Sun, F., Cao, Y., Yuan, B., Xie, Y., Duan, W., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03049-z · Cited by 19
“Classical IL-6 signaling pathways include JAK-STAT, mitogen-activated protein kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/ Akt) [41, 42].”
BackgroundSerpinB3: A Multifaceted Player in Health and Disease—Review and Future Perspectives
Cagnin, S., Pontisso, P., & Martini, A. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16142579 · Cited by 16
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Gp130 Cytokines Exert Differential Patterns of Crosstalk in Adipocytes Both In Vitro and In Vivo
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Specific role of cytoplasmic dynein in the mechanism of action of an antitumor molecule, Amblyomin-X
Pacheco, M. T. F., Morais, K. L. P., Berra, C. M., Demasi, M., Sciani, J. M., Branco, V. G., Bösch, R. V., Iqbal, A., & Chudzinski‐Tavassi, A. M. (2015) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.12.016 · Cited by 16
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EP300 Protects from Light-Induced Retinopathy in Zebrafish
Kawase, R., Nishimura, Y., Ashikawa, Y., Sasagawa, S., Murakami, S., Yuge, M., Okabe, S., Kawaguchi, K., Yamamoto, H., Moriyuki, K., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00126 · Cited by 16
Retinal regeneration mechanisms linked to multiple cancer molecules: A therapeutic conundrum
Barber, A. C., Farmer, K., Martin, K. R. G., & Smith, P. D. (2016) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.08.003 · Cited by 15
Butyltin compounds alter secretion of interleukin 6 from human immune cells
Brown, S. D., Wilburn, W. J., Martin, T., & Whalen, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.3514 · Cited by 16
“Activation of JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways can occur through the activation of a membrane‐bound IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) and gp130 expressed on the cell surface (termed classic signaling) (Heinrich et al., 2003; Scheller, Grotzinger, & Rose‐John, 2006).”
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“Dysregulation of the cytokine IL6 and its receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as autoimmune conditions and cancer [39].”
BackgroundSoluble glycoprotein 130 is inversely related to severity of coronary atherosclerosis
Korotaeva, A. A., Самойлова, Е. В., Chepurnova, D. A., Zhitareva, I. V., Shuvalova, Y. A., & Prokazova, N. V. (2018) · Biomarkers · doi:10.1080/1354750x.2018.1458151 · Cited by 18
Li, L., Shen, A., Chu, J., Sferra, T. J., Sankararaman, S., Ke, X., Chen, Y., & Peng, J. (2018) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9051 · Cited by 16
“Activated JAKs phosphorylate gp130, leading to the recruitment and activation of STAT3 (27).”
Zac1 regulates IL-11 expression in osteoarthritis
Kuo, C.-L., Liu, S., Chang, Y., Wu, C., & Huang, S. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25980 · Cited by 16
“Dysregulation of IL-6 and IL-11 signaling contributes to several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and various types of cancer [11, 12].”
BackgroundAl-Shaghdali, K., Durante, B., Hayward, C., Beal, J., & Foey, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214681 · Cited by 17
Human spermatozoa of male patients with subfertility express the interleukin‐6 receptor
Borojerdi, A. S. D., Welchowski, T., Peng, W., Buchen, A., Novak, N., Haidl, G., Duan, Y., & Allam, J. (2020) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13511 · Cited by 16
“Although the intracellular signal transduction of IL-6 in many cells is studied (Heinrich et al., 2003; Jones, 2005; Keller et al., 2005; Kishimoto, 1989), little is known regarding its action with its receptor IL-6R on human spermatozoa and its relevance with respect to sperm parameters.”
BackgroundHo, Y., & Shekofteh, M. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103112 · Cited by 16
“The top three most frequently cited reviews were published by Compston and Coles (2008) with a CPP 2019 of 2509, Nose-worthy et al. (2000) with a CPP 2019 of 2421, and Heinrich et al. (2003) with a CPP 2019 of 2011.”
BackgroundJaeger, B. R., Arron, H. E., Kalka-Moll, W. M., & Seidel, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1007636 · Cited by 16
“Due to the complexity of regulation and orchestral functions, IL6 plays a key role in the transition of mechanisms of innate to acquired immunity (60, 62).”
BackgroundSjögren, F., & Anderson, C. D. (2010) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-010-9235-8 · Cited by 16
Miao, T., Wu, D., Zhang, Y., Bo, X., Xiao, F., Zhang, X., Magoulas, C., Subang, M. C., Wang, P., & Richardson, P. M. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.010 · Cited by 16
Fan, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Liu, X.-Y., & Yang, F. (2013) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2013-1954 · Cited by 16
“LIF signals through the heterodimeric complex of the LIF receptor (LIFR) and gp130 (Heinrich et al. 2003, Schmid-Brunclik et al. 2008) have shown that astrocytes proliferate in cultures deprived of oxygen and glucose (OGD), an in vitro model mimicking in vivo astrogliosis after hypoxic ischemic…”
BackgroundIL-6 as a biomarker of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
Moreno, V. P., Subirá, D., Meseguer, E., & Llamas, P. (2008) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/17520363.2.2.125 · Cited by 14
Dietary Diindolylmethane Suppresses Inflammation-Driven Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Mice
Song, J. M., Qian, X., Teferi, F., et al. (2014) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0245 · Cited by 16
“Similarly, IL6 binds to the gp130/IL6R heterodimeric receptor and activates the Janus kinase/STAT3 signaling pathway (44).”
Bartsch, R., Woehrer, S., Raderer, M., & Hejna, M. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Luan, X., Xie, G., & Pan, X. (2010) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/147323001003800512 · Cited by 16
Vargas, V. R. A., Bonatto, S. L., Macagnan, F. E., Feóli, A. M. P., Alho, C. S., Santos, N. D. V., & Schmitt, V. (2013) · Genetics and Molecular Research · doi:10.4238/2013.february.28.8 · Cited by 16
“…to the inflammatory stimuli of IL-6), leading to the dimerization of gp130, consequent intracellular signaling (trans-signaling), resulting in a diffuse inflammatory state (Jones et al., 2001; Heinrich et al., 2003; Esteve et al., 2006; Qi et al., 2007; Rafiq et al., 2007; Santer et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInterleukin‐6‐mediated signaling in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells
Jenkins, D. E., Sreenivasan, D., Carman, F. H., Samal, B. B., Eiden, L. E., & Bunn, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13870 · Cited by 17
Port, M. D., Gibson, R. M., & Nathanson, N. M. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04471.x · Cited by 16
“…(LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are members of a family of cytokines which includes interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, IL-27, oncostatin M (OsM), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC) and neuropoietin (Taga and Kishimoto 1997; Heinrich et al. 2003; Derouet et al. 2004).”
BackgroundRadtke, S., Jörissen, A., de Leur, H. S.-V., Heinrich, P. C., & Behrmann, I. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m511779200 · Cited by 16
Self-citationFlorholmen, G., Halvorsen, B. L., Beraki, K., et al. (2006) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.07.009 · Cited by 16
“SOCS3 proteins are involved in a negative feedback loop for gp130-receptormediated signaling [21].”
BackgroundMeissner, N. N., Rutkowski, M. R., Harmsen, A. L., Han, S. J., & Harmsen, A. G. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6604 · Cited by 16
“Particularly the IL-6- cytokine family has been shown to be involved in various steps of hemopoiesis and has been used to expand hemopoietic cells in vitro (41).”
Jiang, J., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Huo, K., Wong, H. M., Yeung, K., Zhang, W., Hu, T., & Chu, P. K.-H. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.024 · Cited by 16
“The amounts of cells residing in the G0/G1 phase, S phase, and G2/M phase were determined using the standard ModiFit software and Cell Quest programs.”
MethodLeukemia inhibitory factor as a regulator of steroidogenesis in human NCI-H295R adrenocortical cells
Mikhaylova, I. V., Jääskeläinen, T. J., Jääskeläinen, J., Palvimo, J. J., & Voutilainen, R. (2008) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-08-0377 · Cited by 16
“Analysis of the LIF signal transduction mechanisms from LIFR to the regulation of target gene transcription (JAK/STAT pathway and other modifying mechanisms, reviewed in Auernhammer & Melmed (2000) and Heinrich et al .”
Effects of exercise and antioxidant supplementation on endothelial gene expression
Matsumoto, A., Mason, S. R., Flatscher‐Bader, T., Ward, L. C., Marsh, S. A., Wilce, P. A., Fassett, R. G., de Haan, J. B., & Coombes, J. S. (2011) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.104 · Cited by 15
Characterization of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in the goldfish (Carassius auratus).
Hanington, P., & Belosevic, M. (2005) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.003 · Cited by 17
Jang, S., Jung, J., Kim, D., et al. (2008) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.108.144014 · Cited by 15
“Cytokine signal transduction is thought to be mediated in the regulation of iNOS gene, predominantly through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway (Marrero et al., 1998; Gautron et al., 2002; Heinrich et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSignaling Pathways That Regulate Normal and Aberrant Red Blood Cell Development
Wilkes, M. C., Shibuya, A., & Sakamoto, K. M. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12101646 · Cited by 17
“Interleukin-6 (IL-6)—IL-6, IL-11, LIF, and OSM are several of the members of an important family of mediators involved in acute-phase response to injury and infection but are also critical to hematopoiesis [42].”
BackgroundRisk of Prostate Cancer in US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Wheeler, A. M., Roul, P., Yang, Y., et al. (2022) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24890 · Cited by 15
“RA, provide biological plausibility for a possible association (5).”
BackgroundTopical SCD-153, a 4-methyl itaconate prodrug, for the treatment of alopecia areata
Tsai, J., Gori, S. S., Alt, J., Tiwari, S., Iyer, J., Talwar, R., Hinsu, D., Ahirwar, K., Mohanty, S., Khunt, C. R., et al. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac297 · Cited by 15
“The ability of itaconate and its derivatives to suppress downstream proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, itself an activator of JAK-STAT signaling (30), as well as IL-1β, which disrupts hair cycling and is upregulated in alopecia areata scalp lesions (31–33), also presents potential mechanisms to promote hair growth.”
BackgroundZhou, J., Li, D., Wang, J., Cheng, Z.-Y., Wang, C., Zhang, X., Xu, X., & Gao, J. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17030297 · Cited by 15
“As Endotoxins and exotoxins are the most common inducers of cytokine production [36]. inflammation progresses, the generation As in fl ammation progresses, the generation of in fl ammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IFN-γ , orchestrates the innate immune response against infections [37].”
BackgroundTaylor, D., Wilkison, M., Voyich, J. M., & Meissner, N. N. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003558 · Cited by 15
Cytokine‐Induced Slowing of STAT3 Nuclear Import; Faster Basal Trafficking of the STAT3β Isoform
Ng, I. H. W., Bogoyevitch, M. A., & Jans, D. A. (2014) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/tra.12181 · Cited by 15
“In its best understood role, STAT3 is activated by the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, such as oncostatin M (OSM), which bind to and signal through the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor (5).”
BackgroundLeukemia Inhibitory Factor in Rat Fetal Lung Development: Expression and Functional Studies
Nogueira‐Silva, C., Piairo, P., Carvalho‐Dias, E., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030517 · Cited by 15
“This family comprises IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), IL-11, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotropin-1 (CT-1) and cardiotrophin-like cytokine.”
Metadata
- Authors
- HEINRICH, P. C., BEHRMANN, I., HAAN, S., HERMANNS, H. M., MÜLLER-NEWEN, G., & SCHAPER, F.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- Institut für Biochemie, RWTH Aachen, Universitätsklinikum, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2003-08-15
- Volume
- 374
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- PMC
- PMC1223585
- OpenAlex
- W2086840459
- Cited by
- 3,272
- References
- 265
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 151 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 171 · 2013: 190 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 50.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- cytokine signaling, gp130, LIF receptor, OSM receptor, JAK/STAT signaling, MAPK signaling, protein tyrosine phosphatase, suppressor of cytokine signaling, PIAS, signal termination, signal transduction, acute phase response, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple myeloma, prostate cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Infections, Models, Molecular, Phosphorylation, Protein Conformation, Wounds and Injuries, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Protein Structure, Secondary, Receptors, Interleukin-6
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