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Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation
Open accessAbstract
The IL (interleukin)-6-type cytokines IL-6, IL-11, LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor), OSM (oncostatin M), ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1 and cardiotrophin-like cytokine are an important family of mediators involved in the regulation of the acute-phase response to injury and infection. Besides their functions in inflammation and the immune response, these cytokines play also a crucial role in haematopoiesis, liver and neuronal regeneration, embryonal development and fertility. Dysregulation of IL-6-type cytokine signalling contributes to the onset and maintenance of several diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis and various types of cancer (e.g. multiple myeloma and prostate cancer). IL-6-type cytokines exert their action via the signal transducers gp (glycoprotein) 130, LIF receptor and OSM receptor leading to the activation of the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades. This review focuses on recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IL-6-type cytokine signal transduction. Emphasis is put on the termination and modulation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway mediated by tyrosine phosphatases, the SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signalling) feedback inhibitors and PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STAT) proteins. Also the cross-talk between the JAK/STAT pathway with other signalling cascades is discussed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review summarizes IL-6-type cytokine signalling through gp130, LIFR and OSMR, covering JAK/STAT and MAPK activation and the mechanisms that terminate or modulate these pathways. It emphasizes negative regulation by tyrosine phosphatases, SOCS feedback inhibitors and PIAS proteins, as well as cross-talk with other signalling cascades.
Key findings
- IL-6-type cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, LIF, OSM, CNTF, CT-1 and CLC) signal via gp130 homodimers or gp130–LIFR/OSMR heterodimers; all potently activate STAT3 and, to a lesser extent, STAT1 through gp130, while OSMR is the most potent activator of STAT5.
- Receptor activation requires more than simple dimerization: efficient gp130 activation by monoclonal antibodies required two distinct antibodies, with the minimal requirement being one intact antibody plus the Fab of a second; insertion of one to four alanines into the gp130 membrane-proximal intracellular region gave full activation only with wild-type and the +3A mutant, interpreted as an approx. 110° twist per alanine and approx. 330° for three.
- JAK1 is essential for IL-6 signalling; gp130, LIFR and OSMR bind JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2. JAK1 mobility is approx. 100-fold lower than that of a typical cytoplasmic protein, and gp130 residues including box1 prolines and Trp666 are critical for JAK binding, while W652A abrogates JAK1 activation without affecting JAK1 association.
- Signal termination involves SHP2 and SOCS3 at gp130 pTyr759, with SOCS3 binding gp130 peptides with slightly higher affinity than SHP2; SOCS1 and SOCS3 inhibit JAKs, PIAS1 inhibits STAT1 and PIAS3 inhibits STAT3. Reported half-lives include SOCS1 1.5 h, SOCS2 1 h, SOCS3 1.6 h, IL-6Rα 2–3 h, gp130 2.5 h, JAK1 3.2 h, JAK2 1.9 h, TYK2 2 h, STAT3α 8.5 h, STAT3β 4.5 h, STAT1 16 h and SHP-2 18–20 h.
Methods
- Narrative review of molecular mechanisms of IL-6-type cytokine signal transduction, focusing on advances made during the previous 5 years in receptor activation, JAK–receptor interactions, STAT activation, signal modulation and cross-talk.
- Synthesizes structural, mutagenesis, biochemical and in vivo findings from the literature; no primary experimental dataset is presented, and the text includes models and a table of half-lives drawn from cited studies.
Limitations
- The authors state that key structural data are still missing, including the structure and conformational states of the cytoplasmic parts of cytokine receptors, and that three-dimensional structures of JAKs and SOCS proteins would be extremely valuable.
- The authors state that mathematical models of this complexity suffer from a lack of sufficient quantitative experimental data, and that cross-talk and biological outcomes depend on cell type and differentiation state.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not use a systematic search or meta-analysis, and it includes unpublished work/personal communications and unresolved conflicting findings, such as JNK versus p38 involvement in STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation and the positive versus negative regulatory functions reported for STAT3β.
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Claims the paper makes
172 Sources not found · 17 Own interpretation · 16 No basis given · 7 Not checked yet · 2 Own result
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In the paper
“Human OSM has the exceptional capability to recruit two different receptor complexes.It forms both LIFR-gp130 and OSMR-gp130 heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“LIF and OSM directly engage their signalling receptor subunits without requirement for additional α-receptor subunits (Figure 2) [4,6].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Soluble forms of cytokine receptors in vivo are formed either by limited proteolysis (shedding) of membrane-bound receptors or by translation from an alternatively spliced mRNA [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“It has been demonstrated that sIL-6Rα potentiates the antagonistic activity of sgp130.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“In contrast with IL-6, and presumably also IL-11, where all the helices are straight, the A helix of LIF, OSM and CNTF is kinked [17,18].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“The minimal requirement for receptor activation is one intact antibody and the Fab (fragment antigen binding) of the second antibody.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“It has been shown that these domains are necessary for coupling ligand binding and signal transduction, since deletion of these domains leads to signalling incompetent receptors [36,37].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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“Thus in the homodimer two different binding epitopes of gp130 are involved in ligand recognition [23].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“The interaction sites predicted by mutagenesis studies have recently been confirmed by the X-ray structure of KSHV-IL-6 bound to a soluble gp130 fragment comprising the CBM and the Ig-like domain [24].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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“In contrast with the α-receptors, the receptors that initiate signal transduction have three additional membrane-proximal FNIII domains [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“This structural divergence might reflect differences in the mechanisms of receptor recruitment, since the straight cytokines signal via gp130 homodimers, whereas the kinked cytokines signal via LIFR-gp130 or OSMR-gp130 heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Of these, JAK1 plays an essential role, because in cells lacking JAK1 IL-6 signal transduction is greatly impaired [51,52,134].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“This finding has been interpreted in a way that the bivalent intact antibody enforces receptor dimerization and the monovalent Fab adjusts the conformation required for JAK activation and downstream signalling [40].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“Some evidence has been provided that under certain circumstances gp130 and LIFR are degraded after internalization [30][31][32].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“While for gp130, the STATs were found to depend on a specific conformation in order to become phosphorylated, for the EpoR the receptor phosphorylation seems to be sensitive to changes in orientation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“KSHV-IL-6 binds the gp130 homodimer in the absence of any α-receptor [16], but with lower affinity as compared with IL-6-IL-6Rα-gp130 ternary complexes.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Internalization of gp130 seems to be independent from ligand binding [28], and is modulated by phosphorylation at Ser 782 [29] which is located adjacent to the dileucine motif.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“ErbB2 forms a complex with gp130 in an IL-6-dependent manner in prostate carcinoma cells [35].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“In certain cell types, a localization of gp130 in plasma membrane microdomains, such as lipid rafts and caveolae, has been observed [9][10][11].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“After secretion of the CLC-CLF-1 or CLC-CNTFRα complexes, signalling is dependent on CNTFRα and occurs via gp130-LIFR heterodimers.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Constantinescu et al. [46] identified a hydrophobic motif in the EpoR membrane-proximal domain (Leu 253 , Ile 257 and Trp 258 ) which is conserved in many cytokine receptors and needs to be precisely orientated in order to promote signalling.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptors at work: let's do the twist
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In the paper
“PKCδ enhances the association of STAT3 with the receptor, which possibly involves the phosphorylation of Thr 890 of gp130 [67].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“All IL-6-type cytokines potently activate STAT3, and to a minor extent STAT1 through their common receptor subunit gp130 [4].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“The Cterminal tyrosine kinase domain is preceded by a pseudokinase domain, which itself is devoid of catalytic activity, but regulates the activity of the kinase domain [3].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“In the cases of LIFR and OSMR, STAT3 and STAT1, as well as STAT5, activation has been observed, with OSMR being the most potent activator of STAT5 [56].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“These results were confirmed by Chung et al. [105], who also observed that IL-6-induced STAT3 activation is MAPK independent, but sensitive to H7.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Serine phosphorylation
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In the paper
“Cdk9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9) was also found to bind to gp130, and the association increased upon IL-6 stimulation of HEK 293 cells over-expressing gp130 and Cdk9 [66].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“Deletion of these amino acids reduces IL-6-induced Hck kinase activity, ERK (extracellular-regulated kinase) activation, dephosphorylation of Pyk2 and proliferation of transfected pro-B Ba/F3 cells [65].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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In the paper
“A conformational change in the SH2 domain may account for this dual specificity [91].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“The recruitment of STATs to the activated receptors has been shown to be mediated by their SH2 domain and requires the phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine motifs [74,[81][82][83].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
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In the paper
“substitution of Trp 652 with alanine (W652A) within the box1 region has no effect on JAK1 association but abrogates JAK1 activation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mutations with similar consequences (no JAK activation in spite of JAK association) have been described for the EpoR [59], indicating that cytokine receptors in general contribute to the JAK-activation process.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
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Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“human fibrosarcoma cells lacking JAK1 express less OSMR at their surface compared with the parental cells, but transient transfection of JAK1 can again increase the amount of surface-expressed receptors [49].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Box2 of gp130, a sequence dominated by hydrophobic amino acids followed by charged ones, contributes to JAK binding, presumably by increasing the affinity; a gp130 construct lacking box2 coprecipitates with JAK1 only when the kinase is over-expressed [55].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Receptor-JAK interaction: more than just a rendez-vous
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This leads to the formation of active STAT dimers, also shown to be mediated by their SH2 domains [90].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Another face of JAKs: determination of the receptor's fate
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In response to IL-6, Gab1 is tyrosine phosphorylated and interacts subsequently with SHP2 and PI3K.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study [112] on STAT3 activation in response to EGF (epidermal growth factor) suggests that receptor-mediated endocytosis is required for shuttling of STAT3 from the plasma membrane to the perinuclear region.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [112]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the DNA-binding domain of STAT1, initially an NES was postulated that comprises residues 399-410 [108].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Compared with the unmethylated protein, methylated STAT1 has a higher tendency to associate with DNA, since its interaction with PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STATs) 1 (see the subsection below entitled 'PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?') seems to be weaker [106].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Methylation of STATs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [106]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The family of IL-6-type cytokines not only activates ERK1/2, a MAPK known for cellular processes that maintain cell survival, but also the stress-activated members of the MAPK family: p38 and JNK [140-142] (Figure 6).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [140]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [141]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [142]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Sensitivity to leptomycin suggests that nuclear export of STAT1 involves the nuclear export receptor CRM-1 that also acts in a Randependent manner [108,109].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [108]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [109]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, from an earlier study [113], it was concluded that nuclear translocation of STAT1 in response to IFNγ does not require cytoskeletal structures, such as actin filaments or microtubules.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [113]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“According to the current view of the SHP2-dependent activation of MAPKs adopted from EGF and PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) signal transduction, SHP2 links the Grb2-SOS (growthfactor-receptor-bound protein/Son of Sevenless) complex and/or Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder-1) to gp130 [127,129,130].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [127]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [129]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [130]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In response to IL-2, Epo, EGF, and PDGF, SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 3) becomes tyrosine phosphorylated, and subsequently binds and inactivates Ras/GTPase-activating protein.This results in the inhibition of the GTPase activity of Ras, leading to a sustained Ras/GTP and MAPK activity [139].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“SHP2 is rapidly recruited to tyrosine-phosphorylated gp130 and becomes also phosphorylated in a JAK1-dependent manner [131].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dimerization of IL-6-type cytokine receptors does not only lead to activation of the JAK/STAT-signalling pathway, but also to the induction of the MAPK cascade.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of MAPK cascades: one tyrosine to make things more complicated
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Furthermore, nuclear accumulation of constitutively active STAT proteins is independent from endocytosis, because in these cases the STATs are not recruited to any plasma membrane receptor [110,114].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT nuclear translocation: not a one way ticket
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [110]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [114]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“PIAS1 inhibits STAT1 signalling [179], but conversely enhances the transcriptional activity of nuclear hormone receptors [180].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [179]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [180]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Whereas SHP2 modulates the amount and amplitude of STAT3 activity [131,158], PTPεC affects the kinetics of the onset of STAT3 activation [169].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [158]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [169]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that PI3K activation upon IL-6 treatment is observed in a cell-type specific manner; e.g.no significant Akt activation could be observed in IL-6treated HepG2 hepatoma cells [149].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enzyme modifies certain phosphatidylinositides, so that the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B/Akt is recruited to the plasma membrane, where it becomes activated through phosphorylation by PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Early results suggested the presence of a nuclear phosphatase which counteracts IFNγ -activated STAT1 and contributes to its nuclear export [121,173].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [121]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [173]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Interaction of SHP2 with JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2, and phosphorylation of SHP2 by JAK1 and JAK2, have at least been shown to occur in vitro [131,162].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [162]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“IL-6-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in protection against apoptosis, as well as in enhanced proliferation of multiple myeloma cells [145][146][147].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Activation of the PI3K cascade: the lipid connection
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [145]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [146]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [147]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The cytoplasmic variant of PTPε, PTPεC, is expressed in haematopoietic cells and has been shown to selectively inhibit IL-6-induced gp130, JAK and STAT activation [168].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [168]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the IL-6induced activation of the MAPK cascade is impaired by mutation of Tyr 759 within gp130, indicating that SHP2, as an adaptor, has a positive function on the activation of the MAPK cascade (as shown in Figure 1).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The family of PIAS comprises five mammalian members: PIAS1, PIAS3, PIASxα, PIASxβ, and PIASy.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PIAS -more than inhibitors of activated STATs?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus methylation not only supports STAT activity (by preventing PIAS association), but also promotes its inactivation by dephosphorylation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Experiments in vivo underscore the in vitro findings in demonstrating that mice expressing gp130 lacking Tyr 759 display splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and an enhanced acute-phase reaction [161].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs): what goes up must come down
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [161]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These differences suggest that signalling components requiring posttranslational modifications for their activation are long-lived, whereas the activity of short-lived proteins is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Half-lives of signalling components: party as long as you live
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Whereas the feedback inhibitors SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3 are very short-lived, STAT1, STAT3α and SHP2 have slow turnover rates.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > Half-lives of signalling components: party as long as you live
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [222]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [223]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The eight members of this family (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7) contain a central SH2 domain, as well as a C-terminal domain called a SOCS box (Figure 4).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“For gp130, SOCS3 has been found to bind to the phosphotyrosine motif 759 [197,198], which is also the binding site for SHP2.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [197]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [198]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Phosphorylation occurs at two tyrosine residues (Tyr 204 and Tyr 221 ) within the SOCS box and phosphorylation of Tyr 221 recruits p120 RasGAP leading to sustained ERK activation [139].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [139]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other reports, however, suggest that elongin C binding can stabilize SOCS1 and that the disruption of the interaction leads to proteasomal degradation of SOCS1 [206,215].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [206]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [215]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Expression of SOCS proteins was found to be rapidly up-regulated by IL-6 (CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3), LIF (CIS, SOCS1, SOCS2 and SOCS3), IL-11 (SOCS3) and OSM (CIS, SOCS1 and SOCS3) [32,190,192,193].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [190]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [192]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As SOCS proteins are induced via the JAK/STAT pathway and subsequently inhibit STAT-mediated signal transduction, they are acting as classical feedback inhibitors.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > The SOCS family of feedback inhibitors: natural born terminators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These phosphotyrosine residues may be part of an activated receptor or the tyrosine-phosphorylated C-terminal tail of SHP2 (from [156]).”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [156]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FKHR specifically enhanced the activity of STAT3-dependent promoters, such as the α 2 M promoter, but not that of a STAT5-responsive promoter.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Other signalling pathways have been shown to induce stabilization of cytokine mRNAs as well: the JNK pathway induces stabilization of the short-lived IL-2 mRNA [219], and PI3K activation induces stabilization of IL-3 mRNA [220].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [219]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [220]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“PI3K activation induces stabilization of IL-3 mRNA [220]”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [220]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The nuclear receptor co-repressor SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoic and thyroid hormone receptors) is a potential binding partner for STAT5 and represses STAT5-dependent transcription [255].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [255]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Furthermore, FKHR and STAT3 can be co-immunoprecipitated and co-localize in the nucleus of IL-6-treated HepG2 cells [149].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [149]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the JNK pathway induces stabilization of the short-lived IL-2 mRNA [219]”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > PERSPECTIVES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [219]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, an EZI mutant predominantly localized in the cytoplasm inhibited nuclear localization of STAT3, as well as STAT3-mediated transactivation.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, Nmi itself is induced by IL-2 and IFNγ , indicating a positive feedback loop within this signal transduction.”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [253]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This interaction is further modulated by Nmi (N-Myc interactor) which augments CBP recruitment to STAT1 and STAT5, and potentiates IL-2 and IFNγ signalling [253].”
§ Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation 1 > STAT action within the transcriptosome: where transcription factors gather
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [253]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The authors state this as an assumption.
The membrane-proximal FNIII domains bridge the ~9 nm distance between the CBM C-termini so that the cytoplasmic parts are close enough to become activated by associated JAKs.
“The membrane-proximal FNIII domains might bridge this distance so that the cytoplasmic parts are in close enough proximity to become activated by the associated JAKs (Figure 5).This assumption is supported by a recent study on the role of the gp130 FNIII domains for heterodimerization with the LIFR [38].”
The paper relies on this without support.
gp130 is ubiquitously expressed.
“Although gp130 is ubiquitously expressed, the number of cells that respond to a certain IL-6-type cytokine is limited, since the expression of the other receptor subunits, especially of the α-receptors, is more restricted and tightly regulated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6-type cytokines form a subfamily of helix bundle cytokines.
“IL-6-type cytokines form a subfamily of the helix bundle cytokines.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All IL-6-type cytokines comprise four long α-helices A-D arranged in an up-up-down-down topology.
“All IL-6-type cytokines comprise four long α-helices termed A, B, C and D, which are arranged in a way that leads to an up-up-down-down topology (Figure 3).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each receptor contains at least one cytokine-binding module (CBM) comprising two FNIII domains.
“Each receptor contains at least one cytokine-binding module (CBM) that comprises two FNIII-domains.”
The paper relies on this without support.
JAKs bind to the membrane-proximal region of cytokine receptors, which contains conserved box1 and box2 motifs.
“JAKs bind to the membrane-proximal region of cytokine receptors, which contains conserved so-called box1 and box2 motifs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The N-terminal region of JAKs comprises a FERM domain crucial for receptor association.
“The N-terminal region of JAKs comprises a FERM (fourpoint-one, ezrin, radixin and moesin) domain which is crucial for receptor association.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The STAT family encompasses seven mammalian members.
“The STAT family of transcription factors encompasses seven mammalian members, designated STAT1, -2, -3, -4, -5a, -5b and -6.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In response to IL-6 stimulation, cytoplasmic STAT3 rapidly accumulates in the nucleus.
“In response to IL-6 stimulation, cytoplasmic STAT3 rapidly accumulates in the nucleus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nuclear accumulation is triggered by STAT dimerization in response to tyrosine phosphorylation.
“Nuclear accumulation is triggered by STAT dimerization in response to tyrosine phosphorylation.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“IL-6Rα expression is normally associated with hepatocytes and leukocytes but has also been described in cancer cells, including PDAC.”
From Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The cytokine IL-6 triggers multiple downstream responses, including metabolic regulation.”
From Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“IL-6, which was discovered in 1986 (27), is a pleiotropic cytokine involved not only in immune responses but also in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, embryonic development and other fundamental processes (1, 21, 28–32).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 2,201–2,300 of 3,269
Lin, F.-H., Chu, N.-F., Lee, C., Hung, Y.-J., & Wu, D.-M. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.195 · Cited by 9
Interaction of Notch and gp130 Signaling in the Maintenance of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells
Kotasová, H., Procházková, J., & Pachernı́k, J. (2013) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-013-9996-6 · Cited by 9
Masuyama, H., Nakatsukasa, H., & Hiramatsu, Y. (2010) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2009-0478 · Cited by 9
Deciphering proteins and their functions in the regenerating retina
Prokosch, V., Chiwitt, C. L. H., Rose, K., & Thanos, S. (2010) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1586/epr.10.47 · Cited by 9
Cytokine profiling as a prognostic markers in chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
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Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mesenchymal stromal cell activation: A minireview
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Multiple sclerosis treatment effects on plasma cytokine receptor levels
Bedri, S. K., Fink, K., Manouchehrinia, A., Lundström, W., Kockum, I. S., Olsson, T. P., Hillert, J. A., & Glaser, A. (2017) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.023 · Cited by 9
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O'Mahony, A., John, M., Cho, H., Hashizume, M., & Choy, E. (2018) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1532-5 · Cited by 6
“After IL-6–IL-6R engagement, TOF blocks downstream JAK-mediated signals; however, it does not inhibit additional pathways mediated by IL-6– elicited signaling kinases, including mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide-3-kinase [28].”
BackgroundSTAT3 expression is a prognostic marker in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Matsuzaki, K., Fujita, K., Hayashi, Y., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201256 · Cited by 9
Expression of junB is markedly stimulated by glycyrrhizin in a human hepatoma cell line
Koike (2011) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2011.1137 · Cited by 9
“JAK/STAT was activated by a free radical and/or IL6 (53-55).”
Çelik, E., Kara, S. S., & Çevik, Ö. D. (2021) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-021-03973-5 · Cited by 9
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“In the case of leukemic blast cells, it is suggested that the proliferation and generation of myeloid progenitor cells is an indirect effect of IL-1β via increasing of the colony-stimulating factor [12,13,14,15].”
BackgroundSuppressive effect on hepatocyte differentiation of hepatitis C virus core protein
Hosui, A., Takehara, T., Ohkawa, K., et al. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.114 · Cited by 9
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“Signal transduction by the IL-6 family of cytokines involves the activation of two major pathways: the JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways (Heinrich et al., 2003).”
BackgroundRamadan, G. (2011) · Cytotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10616-011-9375-4 · Cited by 9
“Also, it is up-regulated during bacterial and viral infection as well as trauma (Heinrich et al. 2003).”
BackgroundMoots, R. J., Östör, A. J. K., & Isaacs, J. D. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728220903185939 · Cited by 8
“Finally, two such heterotrimers associate to form the functional complex capable of signal transduction (Figure 2A) [25,27,46,47].”
BackgroundImmunohistochemical localization of oncostatin M in epithelialized apical periodontitis lesions
Tsai, C. ‐., Huang, F. ‐., & Chang, Y. (2008) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01430.x · Cited by 9
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“IL6 acts by activating the JAK-STAT and MAPK pathways (Heinrich et al. 2003).”
BackgroundMaioli, G., Caporali, R. F., & Favalli, E. G. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2022.2093852 · Cited by 8
“In detail, sarilumab blocked the STAT3 signaling induced by IL-6 and prevented IL-6-dependent proliferation [76].”
BackgroundInfluentialCausal inference between rheumatoid arthritis and prostate cancer
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“JAK activates the transcription factor STAT3 via phosphorylation [49].”
Colorectal Liver Metastasis: Can Cytokines Make the Difference?
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“For example, the blockading of GP130 can inhibit the signaling of several cytokines, including IL-6, IL-11, and leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF) [126].”
BackgroundRGM Family Involved in the Regulation of Hepcidin Expression in Anemia of Chronic Disease
Fujii, T., Kobayashi, K., Kaneko, M., Osana, S., Tsai, C.-T., Ito, S., & Hata, K. (2024) · Immuno · doi:10.3390/immuno4030017 · Cited by 11
Hyperactivity and Pro-inflammatory Functions of Platelets in Diabetes
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The Effects and Mechanisms of Phytochemicals on Pain Management and Analgesic
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“For IL-6, T and B lymphocytes are the main contributors, in addition to fibroblasts and macrophages [28].”
Interleukin-6: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives in Atrial Fibrillation
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“Phosphorylated STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus, where they regulate gene expression related to cell survival, proliferation, and immune responses [21].”
Nakanishi‐Matsui, M., Yano, S., & Futai, M. (2013) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.109 · Cited by 8
“IL6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that triggers strong inflammatory responses, whereas IL10 is anti-inflammatory and is induced at a late stage to restrain inflammation [16,17].”
BackgroundMakowczenko, K. G., Jastrzebski, J., Szeszko, K., Smolińska, N., Paukszto, Ł., Dobrzyń, K., Kieżun, M., Rytelewska, E., Kamińska, B., & Kamiński, T. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11060651 · Cited by 8
“It consists of only a few components, such as membrane receptors with a characteristic domain capable of binding JAK proteins, JAKs capable of phosphorylation STAT proteins, and a group of STATs, which activated and homodimerized may act as transcription factors [57].”
BackgroundEguchi, R., Kitano, T., & Otsuguro, K. (2020) · Purinergic Signalling · doi:10.1007/s11302-020-09731-0 · Cited by 8
Carbohydrate-Small Molecule Hybrids as Lead Compounds Targeting IL-6 Signaling
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“Two monomers of active pSTAT3 form a dimer that translocates into the nucleus and activates gene expression [21,22].”
BackgroundAucubin Alleviates Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway
Liu, T., Li, Y., & Hu, N. (2024) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-024-01354-1 · Cited by 8
“IL-6 accelerates the release of acute-phase proteins and exacerbates the underlying in fl ammatory condition [56].”
Role of hydrogen sulfide in dermatological diseases
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Cytokine response to the 6‐min walk test in individuals with different degrees of COPD
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Oncostatin M Regulates Secretoglobin 3A1 and 3A2 Expression in a Bidirectional Manner
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“Anomalies in IL-6type cytokine signalling have been involved in the onset and maintenance of various inflammatory diseases [37].”
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Key Age-Imposed Signaling Changes That Are Responsible for the Decline of Stem Cell Function
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Effect of fluticasone propionate on human nasal fibroblasts exposed to urban particulate matter
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“LIF is a member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines (Heinrich et al., 2003).”
BackgroundKinoshita, Y., Hama, S., Tominaga, A., Arita, K., Sugiyama, K., Sakoguchi, T., Usui, S., & Kurisu, K. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2011.03.029 · Cited by 7
ERK activation by GM-CSF reduces effectiveness of p38 inhibitor on inhibiting TNFα release
Hua, F., Henstock, P. V., & Tang, B. (2010) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2010.04.002 · Cited by 8
Lutosławska, G. (2013) · Human Movement · doi:10.2478/v10038-012-0045-y · Cited by 8
“Interleukin-6 (IL-6) belongs to the IL-6-type cytokine family which besides of IL-6 comprises IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OsM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (cNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (cT) and cardio trophin-like cytokine (cLc) [1].”
BackgroundRole of Interleukin-6 in Immune Complex Induced Models of Vascular Injury
McClintock, S. D., Barron, A. G., Olle, E. W., et al. (2006) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-006-9011-1 · Cited by 8
“receptor on cell membranes and activate target genes involved in differentiation, survival, apoptosis and proliferation [1].”
BackgroundWhatever Way Weight Goes, Inflammation Shows
Clarke, I. J. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-1470 · Cited by 8
“Second, LIF action is mediated by a heterodimeric receptor complex of LIF-receptor and gp130 signal transducing subunit (12).”
BackgroundYamahata, H., Osuka, K., Aoyama, T., et al. (2016) · Journal of Orthopaedic Science · doi:10.1016/j.jos.2016.11.005 · Cited by 8
Cao, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, H., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep38364 · Cited by 8
Proinflammatory cytokine production from NOK-SI keratinocytes after exposure to denture adhesives
Leite, A. R. P., de Oliveira, N. M., Marín, D. O. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.04.009 · Cited by 8
Jang, H., Lee, S., Lim, H. J., et al. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/3684845 · Cited by 8
“IL6 binds to homo- or heterodimer membrane receptor complexes containing glycoprotein 130 (gp130) or the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and activates the JAK family of tyrosine kinases [40].”
BackgroundGuerra, J., Ferrer, B., Giralt, M., Comes, G., Carrasco, J., Molinero, A., Serrano, A. L., & Hidalgo, J. (2015) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2015.04.018 · Cited by 9
Cooperation among Tumor Cell Subpopulations Leads to Intratumor Heterogeneity
Li, X., & Thirumalai, D. (2020) · Biophysical Reviews and Letters · doi:10.1142/s1793048020300042 · Cited by 7
“Several studies found that the GBM cells with rearrangement of EGFR gene (∆ cells) can secrete factors (Interleukin-6 and Leukemia inhibitory factor) to enhance cell proliferation and inhibit its apoptosis [89, 96].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Miao, L., Liu, L., Cai, H., Ding, J., Ren, S., Zhou, C., & Schmid‐Bindert, G. (2013) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130578 · Cited by 8
“IL-6 binds to IL-6R and then activates the Janus kinase, resulting in activation of the PI3K and STAT signaling pathways.(17) It is frequently detected in the sera of patients with cancer.”
BackgroundProinflammatory Stem Cell Signaling in Cardiac Ischemia
Herrmann, J. L., Markel, T. A., Abarbanell, A. M., Weil, B. R., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Tan, J., & Meldrum, D. R. (2009) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2009.2434 · Cited by 8
“After phosphorylation, the STAT proteins translocate to the nucleus, where they influence gene expression by binding DNA elements of IL-6 target genes (58, 151).”
Port, M. D., Laszlo, G. S., & Nathanson, N. M. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05535.x · Cited by 8
Anomalous behaviour of the STAT3 binding site in the human c-myc P2 promoter
Vougier, S., Cheung, S., Li, L., Hodgson, G., & Shaw, P. E. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.044 · Cited by 8
Koul, H. K., MARONI, P. D., Meacham, R. B., et al. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1329.030 · Cited by 8
Kim, Y. S., Ahn, Y., Hong, M. H., et al. (2006) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2006.36.7.482 · Cited by 8
Immune responses to trichloroethylene and skin gene expression profiles in Sprague Dawley rats.
Chen, X.-Y., Zhuang, Z., Wang, X., et al. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Trans‐System Mechanisms Against Ischemic Myocardial Injury
Liu, S. Q., Ma, X., Qin, G., Liu, Q., Li, Y., & Wu, Y. H. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140026 · Cited by 8
“In the event of cytokine upregulation, the following signaling processes take place (108, 123, 124, 225, 299): (1)”
Immune modulation in acute and chronic pancreatitis
Habtezion, A. (2016) · doi:10.3998/panc.2016.30 · Cited by 8
Eggers, A., Ballüer, M., Mohamed, B. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180785 · Cited by 7
Li, H., Liu, D., Li, K., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Qi, L., & Xie, K. (2024) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2024.13283 · Cited by 7
“Although JAK/STAT signaling is the primary pathway for downstream activation of the IL‑6 family of cytokines, the mitogen‑acti‑ vated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway can also undergo activation (78).”
BackgroundBrown, L. D., Girgis, A. S., Patel, S., et al. (2024) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1080/17568919.2024.2437981 · Cited by 7
Inhibition of inflammation by IL-6 blockade in xenotransplantation
Iwanczyk, Z., Hara, H., Cooper, D. K. C., & Maenaka, A. (2025) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2025.156897 · Cited by 7
Advances in Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines and the Role in Respiratory Diseases
Ji, T., Huang, G., Cao, Y., Gao, Y., & Gao, X. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s508031 · Cited by 9
The Roles of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in Pediatric Immune Defense and Infection Severity
Obaji, M. U., Oli, A. N., & Ugwu, M. C. (2025) · OBM Genetics · doi:10.21926/obm.genet.2502293 · Cited by 10
Hu, Y., Grodzki, L. M., & Bartsch, U. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14090643 · Cited by 7
LIFR-Mediated ERBB2 Signaling Is Essential for Successful Embryo Implantation in Mice
Terakawa, J., Nakamura, S., Ohtomo, M., Uehara, S., Kawata, Y., Takarabe, S., Sugita, H., Namiki, T., Kageyama, A., Noguchi, M., et al. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15050698 · Cited by 7
“LIF signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of the GP130 and LIF receptor (LIFR), leading to the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway [12,13].”
Huang, M., Jiang, J., li, Y.-J., Jiang, M., Yang, M., Deng, H., Wu, Y., Wu, L., Leng, X., Chen, J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10196-7 · Cited by 7
Energy imbalance and cancer: Cause or consequence?
Wang, X., Liu, W., & Xie, X. (2017) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1674 · Cited by 7
“1, IL-6 induces inflammatory gene expression by activating the Janus Kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway (36).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Zhang, X., Yuan, B., Lü, X., Zheng, D., Zhang, K., Zhong, M., Xu, X., & Duan, X. (2019) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c8ra10178g · Cited by 7
Che, D. N., Shin, J. Y., Kim, H. R., Cho, B. O., Kang, H. J., Oh, H. H., Kim, Y., & Jang, S. I. (2021) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.13774 · Cited by 7
Trifone, C., Baquero, L., Czernikier, A., Benencio, P., Leng, L., Laufer, N., Quiroga, M. F., Bucala, R., Ghiglione, Y., & Turk, G. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14102218 · Cited by 7
Establishment of a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation model of human fetal colon cells
Yu, K., Liao, S., Li, C., et al. (2023) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-023-08465-7 · Cited by 7
“The pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), induces the expression of acute inflammation-related proteins [5], many diseases are associated with its increased expression, such as chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies [6].”
BackgroundHui, B., Zhang, X., Wang, S., et al. (2024) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2024.102411 · Cited by 7
Zhang, Y., Yue, Y., Cheng, Y., Jiao, H., & Yan, M. (2024) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111350 · Cited by 8
Zhang, L., Zhang, K., Zhou, J., Hao, Z., Fan, S., Yang, C., & Liang, C. Y. (2016) · OncoTargets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ott.s94348 · Cited by 7
“STAT will then translocate to the nucleus for transcription initiation of downstream target genes.(50) The targets of STAT-3 include growth factors and cytokines that are involved in inflammation-related carcinogenesis, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2…”
InfluentialTGF-β and IL-6 family signalling crosstalk: an integrated model
Khatibi, S., Babon, J. J., Wagner, J., Manton, J. H., Tan, C. W., Zhu, H., Wormald, S., & Burgess, A. W. (2017) · Growth Factors · doi:10.1080/08977194.2017.1363746 · Cited by 7
“Unlike most of the models of IL-6 signalling, which concentrate on MAPK signalling through Shp2 (see (Heinrich et al., 2003) for a review), we focused on JAK/STAT signalling.”
BackgroundSusanto, S., Sumarpo, A., Parikesit, A. A., et al. (2018) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity · doi:10.13057/biodiv/d190143 · Cited by 7
“The activation of macrophage via recognition of either PAMPs or DAMPs mediated by PRRs, consequently leads to the activation of several immune-response related downstream signaling cascades in macrophages (Heinrich et al. 2003).”
Oncostatin M Mediates Adipocyte Expression and Secretion of Stromal-Derived Factor 1
Hang, H., Bailey, J. L., & Elks, C. M. (2019) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology8010019 · Cited by 7
The Role of JAK-STAT Signaling Activation in Hypertrophied Ligamentum Flavum
Delen, E., Doğanlar, O., Delen, Ö., et al. (2020) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.024 · Cited by 7
Protective Intranasal Immunization Against Influenza Virus in Infant Mice Is Dependent on IL-6
Bonney, E. A., Krebs, K., Kim, J., Prakash, K., Torrance, B. L., Haynes, L., & Rincón, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.568978 · Cited by 7
“Upon binding to its receptor, IL-6 activates the Jak/Stat pathway leading to the activation of Stat3 (51).”
BackgroundStrand, R., Kullberg, J., Ahlström, H. K., & Lind, L. (2020) · Cytokine X · doi:10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100050 · Cited by 7
Widowati, W., Murti, H., Widyastuti, H. P., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research · doi:10.18502/ijhoscr.v15i2.6038 · Cited by 7
Immunosuppression in Rheumatologic and Auto-immune Disease
Jayatilleke, A. (2021) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2021_551 · Cited by 7
Trained innate immunity and diseases: Bane with the boon
Mishra, S., Arsh, A. M., & Rathore, J. S. (2022) · Clinical Immunology Communications · doi:10.1016/j.clicom.2022.08.004 · Cited by 9
Refaie, M. M. M., Rifaai, R. A., Fawzy, M. A., et al. (2022) · Cardiovascular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s12012-022-09768-0 · Cited by 7
RetractedNon‐canonical STAT3 function reduces REDD1 transcription
Köhler, N., Wundrack, N., Schulz, S., Bartonitz, F., Schaper, F., & Dittrich, A. (2022) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16679 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMechanism of erythropoietin receptor activation
Constantinescu, S. N. (2009) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8698-6_11 · Cited by 7
“Given that the extracellular domain of EPOR only contains two cytokine receptor homology modules (D1 and D2), EPOR is considered a simple (or short) receptor, unlike other superfamily members, like the receptors for interleukin (IL)-6 type cytokines or for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which possess o…”
BackgroundTNFalpha in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes-Induced Embryopathies: Functions and Targets
Torchinsky, A. M., & Toder, V. (2007) · The Review of Diabetic Studies · doi:10.1900/rds.2007.4.200 · Cited by 8
“LIF is able to trigger several signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, which is currently suggested to be essential for the acquisition of uterine receptivity [54, 57].”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, C. H., Park, J. H., Lee, J. H., et al. (2012) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1042/cbi20110395 · Cited by 7
“The binding of LIF to these receptors activates JAK (Janus kinase)–STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathways responsible for stem cell establishment and maintenance (Heinrich et al., 2003; Kristensen et al., 2005; Okita and Yamanaka, 2006).”
BackgroundBoos, T. L., Cheng, K., Greiner, E., et al. (2012) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np2008957 · Cited by 7
Association of glycoprotein gp130 with hereditary catalepsy in mice
Kulikov, A. V., Sinyakova, N. A., Naumenko, V. S., Базовкина, Д. В., & Popova, N. K. (2010) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00639.x · Cited by 7
“This glycoprotein is the signal transducer subunit in the receptors of so-called gp130-related cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11 and IL-27, ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, cardiotrophin-1, cardiotrophin-like cytokine and neurotrophin (Chesnokova & Melmed 2002; Fasnacht…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- HEINRICH, P. C., BEHRMANN, I., HAAN, S., HERMANNS, H. M., MÜLLER-NEWEN, G., & SCHAPER, F.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- Institut für Biochemie, RWTH Aachen, Universitätsklinikum, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Venue
- Biochemical Journal
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2003-08-15
- Volume
- 374
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-20
- ISSN
- 0264-6021 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8728
- PMC
- PMC1223585
- OpenAlex
- W2086840459
- Cited by
- 3,272
- References
- 265
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 146 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 151 · 2018: 141 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 157 · 2014: 171 · 2013: 190 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 50.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biochemical Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- cytokine signaling, gp130, LIF receptor, OSM receptor, JAK/STAT signaling, MAPK signaling, protein tyrosine phosphatase, suppressor of cytokine signaling, PIAS, signal termination, signal transduction, acute phase response, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple myeloma, prostate cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Infections, Models, Molecular, Phosphorylation, Protein Conformation, Wounds and Injuries, Signal Transduction, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Protein Structure, Secondary, Receptors, Interleukin-6
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