Placental mTOR links maternal nutrient availability to fetal growth
Abstract
The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling pathway functions as a nutrient sensor, both in individual cells and, more globally, in organs such as the fat body in Drosophila and the hypothalamus in the rat. The activity of placental amino acid transporters is decreased in IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction), and recent experimental evidence suggests that these changes contribute directly to the restricted fetal growth. We have shown that mTOR regulates the activity of the placental L-type amino acid transporter system and that placental mTOR activity is decreased in IUGR. The present review summarizes the emerging evidence implicating placental mTOR signalling as a key mechanism linking maternal nutrient and growth factor concentrations to amino acid transport in the human placenta. Since fetal growth is critically dependent on placental nutrient transport, placental mTOR signalling plays an important role in the regulation of fetal growth.
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mTOR regulates two key amino-acid transport systems (A and L).
“mTOR regulates two key amino-acid transport systems (A and L).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
This signaling system is highly expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast, and its activity is regulated by glucose and amino-acid concentrations.
“This signaling system is highly expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast, and its activity is regulated by glucose and amino-acid concentrations(226, 227, 240).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
Down-regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the placenta has been reported in SGA/growth-restricted fetuses.
“For example, down-regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the placenta has been reported in SGA/growth-restricted fetuses (see Figure 11)(226).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
Disorders in nutrient-sensing pathways may lead to fetal growth disorders.
“Disorders in nutrient-sensing pathways may lead to fetal growth disorders, and studies by Professors Powell and Jansson have provided unique insights into nutrient sensing by the human placenta(225–227).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
Each of these nutrient-sensing pathways is present in the human placenta.
“Each of these nutritient-sensing pathways is present in the human placenta(225–227).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
mTOR has key properties in the placenta that include its activation by insulin, IGF-1, and leptin, and its inhibition by cortisol.
“mTOR has key properties in the placenta(225, 226) that include its activation by insulin, IGF-1, and leptin, and its inhibition by cortisol.”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
The activation of mTOR is positively correlated with the first-trimester maternal body mass index, linking maternal over-nutrition and nutrient-sensing by the placenta.
“The activation of mTOR is positively correlated with the first-trimester maternal body mass index, linking maternal over-nutrition and nutritient-sensing by the placenta; while its expression is down-regulated when fetal growth is restricted (in both animal models and humans).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
mTOR expression is down-regulated when fetal growth is restricted (in both animal models and humans).
“while its expression is down-regulated when fetal growth is restricted (in both animal models and humans).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
There are changes in these pathways in cases of fetal growth restriction caused by maternal starvation or impaired placentation where there is down-regulation of placental nutrient transport.
“There are also changes in these pathways in cases of fetal growth restriction caused by maternal starvation or impaired placentation where there is down-regulation of placental nutrient transport(225, 226).”
From Metformin, the Aspirin of the 21st Century: Its Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Prevention of Preeclampsia and Cancer, and the Promotion of Longevity (2017) · cites this paper as [226]
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- Authors
- Roos, S., Powell, T. L., & Jansson, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roos, Sara
- Jansson, Thomas
- Venue
- Biochemical Society Transactions
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2009-01-20
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 295-298
- ISSN
- 0300-5127 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8752
- OpenAlex
- W2084625697
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochemical Society Transactions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Keywords
- mTOR signaling, placenta, fetal growth restriction, fetal growth, amino acid transport, L-type amino acid transporter, placental nutrient transport, maternal-fetal nutrient exchange
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Food, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Placenta, Pregnancy, Protein Kinases, Signal Transduction, Fetal Development, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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