Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter

Tichenor, Seth E.; Yaruss, J. Scott

doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00137

Cited by 195Stuttering Research and TreatmentVoice and Speech DisordersLanguage Development and Disorders

Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter

Tichenor, Seth E., Yaruss, J. Scott·2019·Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

DOI 10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00137

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Abstract

Purpose: Numerous frameworks and definitions have sought to differentiate what behaviors and experiences should be considered as a part of stuttering. Nearly all of these efforts have been based on the perspectives and beliefs of conversational partners and listeners. This outside-in approach to defining stuttering lacks validation from people who live with the condition. Method: In this study, 430 adults who stutter participated in a qualitative exploration of the term stuttering . Data were analyzed thematically to determine speakers' perspectives about moment of stuttering and the overall experience of stuttering in their lives. Results: To adults who stutter, the term stuttering signifies a constellation of experiences beyond the observable speech disfluency behaviors that are typically defined as stuttering by listeners. Participants reported that the moment of stuttering often begins with a sensation of anticipation, feeling stuck, or losing control. This sensation may lead speakers to react in various ways, including affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions that can become deeply ingrained as people deal with difficulties in saying what they want to say. These reactions can be associated with adverse impact on people's lives. This interrelated chain of events can be exacerbated by outside environmental factors, such as the reactions of listeners. Discussion: Data from this survey provide novel evidence regarding what stuttering means to adults who stutter. These data are used to update the adaptation of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as it applies to stuttering ( Yaruss & Quesal, 2004 ) to better account for the complex and individualized phenotype of stuttering and to develop a definition of the experience of stuttering that is based not only on the observations of listeners but also on the impact of stuttering on the lives of adults who stutter.

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The field of SLP has historically framed stuttering as a problem to be fixed, relying on external observations and control.
“The field of SLP has historically framed stuttering as a problem to be fixed, relying on external observations and control [22, 99].”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
An increasing number of voices from the stuttering community have called for the inclusion of PWS in shaping knowledge about stuttering.
“an increasing number of voices from the stuttering community have called for the inclusion of PWS in shaping knowledge about stuttering [22, 99]”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
Annotating stuttered speech is inherently challenging and subjective due to its high variability and the ambiguous boundary between stuttered and fluent speech.
“While annotating stuttered speech is inherently challenging and subjective due to its high variability and the ambiguous boundary between stuttered and fluent speech [99, 102]”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
Both SLP participants agreed that videos could be incorporated into the review process, as embodied cues such as lip movements are often a crucial aspect of stuttering and can aid interpretation.
“For instance, Jia and Kerrigan both agreed that videos could be incorporated into the review process, as embodied cues such as lip movements are often a crucial aspect of stuttering and can aid interpretation [99].”
From Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter (2026) · cites this paper as [99]

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Laiho, A., Elovaara, H., Kaisamatti, K., Luhtalampi, K., Talaskivi, L., Pohja, S., Routamo-Jaatela, K., & Vuorio, E. (2022) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106242 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Understanding the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering Can Improve Stuttering Therapy
Tichenor, S. E., Herring, C., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000272 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fostering Positive Stuttering Identities Using Stutter-Affirming Therapy
Constantino, C. D. (2022) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2022_lshss-22-00038 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Interrupting Ableism in Stuttering Therapy and Research: Practical Suggestions
Gerlach, H., & Constantino, C. D. (2022) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2021_persp-21-00109 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
CARE Model of Treatment for stuttering: Theory, assumptions, and preliminary findings
Byrd, C. T., Coalson, G. A., & Conture, E. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1488328 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Point of View About Fluency
Tichenor, S. E., Constantino, C. D., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00342 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Communication Benefits of Participation in Camp Dream. Speak. Live.: An Extension and Replication
Byrd, C. T., Winters, K. L., Young, M. M., Werle, D., Croft, R. L., Hampton, E., Coalson, G. A., White, A. Z., & Gkalitsiou, Z. (2021) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1723843 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Large-scale genome-wide analyses of stuttering
Polikowsky, H. G., Scartozzi, A., Shaw, D. M., Pruett, D. G., Chen, H., Petty, L. E., Petty, A. S., Lowther, E., Cho, S.-H., Yu, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02267-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Recovery and Relapse: Perspectives From Adults Who Stutter
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Finding My Voice over Zoom: An Autoethnography of Videoconferencing Experience for a Person Who Stutters
Wu, S., Li, J., & Leshed, G. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642746 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Emotional Regulation and Its Influence on the Experience of Stuttering Across the Life Span
Tichenor, S. E., Walsh, B. M., Gerwin, K. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00467 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stuttering: Our Current Knowledge, Research Opportunities, and Ways to Address Critical Gaps
Chang, S., Below, J. E., Chow, H. M., Guenther, F. H., Wray, A. H., Jackson, E. S., Max, L., Neef, N. E., SheikhBahaei, S., Shekim, L., et al. (2025) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00162 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reactive Inhibitory Control Precedes Overt Stuttering Events
Orpella, J., Flick, G., Assaneo, M. F., Shroff, R., Liina Pylkkänen, A., Poeppel, D., & Jackson, E. S. (2024) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00138 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Preliminary Investigation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Characteristics in Adults Who Stutter
Tichenor, S. E., Johnson, C. A., & Yaruss, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00237 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Obtaining consensus on core components of stuttering intervention for adults: An e‐Delphi Survey with key stakeholders
Connery, A., Yaruss, J. S., Lomheim, H., Loucks, T. M. J., Galvin, R., & McCurtin, A. (2021) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12680 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the Relationship Between Resilience and the Adverse Impact of Stuttering in Children
Walsh, B. M., Grobbel, H., Christ, S. L., Tichenor, S. E., & Gerwin, K. L. (2023) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
International expert perspectives on the principles and components of effective intervention for adults who stutter
Connery, A., Galvin, R., & McCurtin, A. (2020) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12580 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ableism to Empowerment: Navigating School Structures When Working With Students Who Stutter
Reeves, N. A., Flynn, T. W., & Schuff, R. Z. (2023) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2022_lshss-22-00026 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Stuttering as a spectrum disorder: A hypothesis
SheikhBahaei, S., Millwater, M., & Maguire, G. A. (2023) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100116 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The World is Designed for Fluent People”: Benefits and Challenges of Videoconferencing Technologies for People Who Stutter
Wu, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580788 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Predictors of communication attitude in preschool-age children who stutter
Winters, K. L., & Byrd, C. T. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106100 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Variability of Stuttering in Young Children: Caregivers' Perceptions and Experiences
Jokar, A. H. R., Salehi, S., & Yaruss, J. S. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2025_ajslp-24-00341 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evaluating Stuttering Self-Stigma and Its Relationship to Adverse Impact in Children and Adolescents With the Child Stuttering Self-Stigma Scale
Johnson, C. A., Gerwin, K. L., Tichenor, S. E., Boyle, M. P., & Walsh, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00069 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lived experiences of children who stutter in their own voices
Kerrigan, J. S., & Brundage, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106468 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Auditory-Motor Integration, Interoceptive Awareness, and Self-Reported Stuttering Severity
Assaneo, M. F., Ripollés, P., Tichenor, S. E., Yaruss, J. S., & Jackson, E. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2022.869571 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Advances in Understanding Stuttering as a Disorder of Language Encoding
Ratner, N. B., & Brundage, S. B. (2023) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-044754 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Re-envisioning Remote Meetings: Co-designing Inclusive and Empowering Videoconferencing with People Who Stutter
Li, J., Wu, S., & Leshed, G. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661533 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Association Between Stuttering Burden and Psychosocial Aspects of Life in Adults
Engelen, M. M., Franken, M.-C. J. P., Stipdonk, L. W., Horton, S. E., Jackson, V. E., Reilly, S., Morgan, A. T., Fisher, S. E., van Dulmen, S., & Eising, E. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00562 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Verbal Response Inhibition in Adults Who Stutter
Treleaven, S., & Coalson, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00739 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Participation in group music therapy: A preliminary study of the experiences and perceptions of adolescents who stammer
O’Donoghue, J., Egan, G., Moss, H., & Clements-Cortés, A. (2021) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2021.101809 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Understanding the Broader Impact of Stuttering: Suicidal Ideation
Tichenor, S. E., Palasik, S., & Yaruss, J. S. (2023) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-23-00007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reactions and responses to anticipation of stuttering and how they contribute to stuttered speech that listeners perceive as fluent – An opinion paper
Briley, P. M. (2023) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105997 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
What Is the Role of Questioning in Young Children’s Fluency?
Garbarino, J., & Ratner, N. B. (2022) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2022_ajslp-21-00209 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“I Just Want People to Think I'm Normal”: An Interview Study of Young Swedish Women With Covert Stuttering
Samson, I., Nyberg, J., Lindström, E., & Schalling, E. (2023) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00354 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stuttering severity and social anxiety among adults who stutter: A multilevel analysis
Lei, X., Nguyen‐Feng, V. N., & Sasisekaran, J. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106088 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The good, the bad, and the ugly: Unpacking the pros and cons associated with change for adults who stutter
Gerlach, H., & Rodgers, N. H. (2022) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105924 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Structural brain network topological alterations in stuttering adults
Gracco, V. L., Sares, A. G., & Koirala, N. (2022) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcac058 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Can Stoicism inspire stuttering intervention? The clinical usefulness of an ancient philosophy
Connery, A., Cavanna, A. E., & Coleman, R. (2022) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12832 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Accepting Things as They Are: Dispositional Mindfulness, Decentering, Self-Compassion, and the Impact of Stuttering on Adults Who Stutter
Israel, S., Reuveni, O., Glick, I., & Levit‐Binnun, N. (2023) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00388 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adults Who Stutter Show Diminished Word Fluency, Regardless of Mode
Lescht, E., Dickey, M. W., Stockbridge, M. D., & Ratner, N. B. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00344 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Speech–Language Pathologists’ Perceptions of Their Competence in Managing Stuttering: A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis
Alegre, E., Penman, A. M., Unicomb, R., & Scarinci, N. (2025) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.70040 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Understanding the Perspectives of School Children Who Stutter: A Rapid Review
Alhazimi, A. Y., Carroll, C., & O’Malley, M.-P. (2025) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.70075 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The influence of self-help/support group experience on people who stutter: a systematic review
Iimura, D., & Ishida, O. (2022) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2022.2139954 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Expectations from stuttering therapy: Qualitative content analysis of client's perspective in Kannada-speaking adults who stutter
Dsouza, A. J., Manivannan, V., & Maruthy, S. (2023) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106388 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Is There a Place for Pseudostuttering Assignments in Speech-Language Pathology Training Within the Neurodiverse Paradigm?
Bortz, M. A. (2024) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2024_persp-23-00268 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Differential Impacts of Anticipated Success on Employment Outcomes Among Adults Who Stutter
Jacobs, M., Gerlach, H., & Briley, P. M. (2024) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00202 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Between therapy and reality: A lived-experience analysis of the priorities, progress and barriers in stuttering management
Alatawi, M., & Good, J. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106126 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
FluencyBank Timestamped: An Updated Data Set for Disfluency Detection and Automatic Intended Speech Recognition
Romana, A., Niu, M., Perez, M. C., & Provost, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00070 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stuttering-Related Podcasts: Audio-Based Self-Help for People Who Stutter
Dignazio, L. E., Kenny, M. M., Raj, E. X., & Pelkey, K. D. (2020) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2020_persp-20-00014 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Word-Final Disfluencies in a School-Age Child: Beneath the Tip of the Iceberg
Eichorn, N., & Donnan, S. (2021) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2021_lshss-21-00005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
3Es: An All-Inclusive Stuttering Therapy Tool
Gore, K., & Margulis, C. L. (2022) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2022_persp-20-00300 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Speech Therapy and Earnings: Economic Benefits for Individuals Who Stutter
Briley, P. M., & Jacobs, M. (2022) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1748882 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
ASTER: Automatic Speech Recognition System Accessibility Testing for Stutterers
Liu, Y., Li, Y., Deng, G., Juefei-Xu, F., Du, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, C., Li, Y., Ma, L., & Liu, Y. (2023) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) · doi:10.1109/ase56229.2023.00107 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Life Impact of Cluttering: The Adult Perspective
Giuffre, L. A., & Scott, K. S. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00262 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Beyond the Stuttering Toolbox: The Concept of Meta-Therapy
Gore, K., & Margulis, C. L. (2023) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2023_persp-22-00245 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Scientists, society, and stuttering
SheikhBahaei, S., & Maguire, G. A. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13678 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dual-Task Effects on Concurrent Speech Production in School-Age Children With and Without Stuttering Disorders
Eichorn, N., & Pirutinsky, S. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00426 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Speech characteristics that differentiate stuttering and cluttering in Japanese speakers
Tomisato, S., Mori, T., Asano, K., Iimura, D., Yada, Y., Takahashi, S., Wasano, K., Kono, T., & Ozawa, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1408929 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Repetitive Negative Thinking as a Mechanism of Stuttering Anticipation
Tichenor, S. E., Walsh, B. M., Gerwin, K. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00175 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Positive Experiences Related to Stuttering in Adults Who Stutter
Manivannan, V., Medina, A. M., Maruthy, S., Singhal, M. K., Agarwal, A., & Manchaiah, V. K. C. (2023) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2023_persp-22-00151 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Identifying perspectives of adults who stutter on therapeutic alliance in stuttering intervention
Byrne, E., & Connery, A. (2023) · Advances in Communication and Swallowing · doi:10.3233/acs-230009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Comparing the beliefs regarding biological or psychological causalities toward stereotyped perception of people who stutter
Iimura, D., & Ishida, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1279169 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Risk of sleep problems in a clinical sample of children who stutter
do Couto, M. C. H., de Oliveira, C. M. C., Merlo, S., Briley, P. M., & Pinato, L. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106036 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Teachers’ perceptions of the impact of stuttering on the daily life of their students who stutter
Rocha, M. S., Rato, J. R., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Revista Portuguesa de Educação · doi:10.21814/rpe.18383 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Disability-First AI Dataset Annotation: Co-designing Stuttered Speech Annotation Guidelines with People Who Stutter
Tang, X., Li, J., & Wu, S. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790405 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Other research further emphasizes the affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions that shape the lived experience and intimate understanding of stuttering [99].”
Influential
Schoolteachers’ beliefs and self reactions towards stuttering in Israel
Fichman, S., Adelman, C., Leyer, M., Tuvia, T. B., Segal, J., & Louis, K. O. S. (2024) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2024.2424050 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Our Collective Voices: The Social and Technical Values of a Grassroots Chinese Stuttered Speech Dataset
Li, J., Li, Q., Gong, R., Wang, L., & Wu, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3715275.3732179 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Personal Factors and the Overall Variability of Stuttering
Hendrick, R., Irani, F., Schwarz, A. L., & Azios, M. (2023) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2023_persp-22-00178 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Viewpoint on the Ethics of Pseudostuttering Assignments: Guidelines and Best Practices for Their Use
Gore, K., & Tichenor, S. E. (2024) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00139 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Listening to Voices That Matter: The Speech Therapy Experiences of People Who Stutter
Phillips, M. C., & Spaulding, T. J. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00792 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of the Simplified Chinese translation of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering-Adult
Yan, M., An, R., Bin, J., Liu, C., Tsao, Y.-C., & Yaruss, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106170 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of behavior inhibition on stuttering severity and adverse consequences of stuttering in 3–6-year-old children who stutter
Tumanova, V., Choi, D., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106332 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Speech disfluencies in bilingual Greek-English young adults
Gkalitsiou, Z., & Werle, D. (2023) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Will Brain Imaging Lead to a Translational Neuroscience of Stuttering?
Bowers, A. L. (2023) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2023_persp-23-00007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Designing a Module on Stuttering and Cluttering: A Guide for Speech-Language Pathology Educators
Connery, A., & Shé, C. N. (2024) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-23-00263 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stutterers’ experiences on classic psychedelics: A preliminary self-report study
Jackson, E. S., Goldway, N., Gerlach, H., & Gold, N. D. (2024) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106062 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Variability in Stuttering Severity and Other Symptoms Across Three Fluency States
Brown, E. C., Hedinger, T., & Saltuklaroglu, T. (2024) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Novel Word Recognition in Childhood Stuttering
Lescht, E., Venker, C. E., McHaney, J. R., Bohland, J. W., & Wray, A. H. (2022) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000271 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stuttering in individuals with Down syndrome: a systematic review of earlier research
Hokstad, S., & Næss, K.-A. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176743 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The impact of stuttering on Portuguese school-age children as measured by the OASES-S
Rocha, M. S., Rato, J. R., & Yaruss, J. S. (2020) · Speech Language and Hearing · doi:10.1080/2050571x.2020.1751427 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Uncertainty and Perceived Control as Predictors of Communicative Participation and Mental Health in Adults Who Stutter
Boyle, M. P., & Chagachbanian, N. J. (2022) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2021_ajslp-21-00230 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bilingualism as a risk factor for false reports of stuttering in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K:2011)
Gahl, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155895 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Access in the Shadow of Ableism: An Autoethnography of a Blind Student's Higher Education Experience in China
Tang, X., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790464 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Both studies have provided critical insights into design opportunities for assistive technologies, including collaborative systems for accom-modations and proactive, and customizable assistive tools [41, 55].”
Improving Stuttering Through Augmented Multisensory Feedback Stimulation
Muscarà, G., Vergallito, A., Letorio, V., Iannaccone, G., Giardini, M., Randaccio, E., Scaramuzza, C., Russo, C., Scarale, M. G., & Abutalebi, J. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15030246 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The experience of stuttering among adolescents in Iran: A cross-cultural study
Irani, F. I., Jokar, A. H. R., Tarameshlu, M., Ghorbani, A., Kamali, M., & Yaruss, J. S. (2025) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2025.2544748 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Turkish Version of the Stuttering Severity Instrument-Version 4 (SSI-4)
Mutlu, A. İ., Kara, İ., Tırank, Ş. B., & Cengiz, D. (2025) · Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.21020/husbfd.1609259 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Relationships between psychosocial aspects of stuttering and self-disclosure of stuttering in a Japanese sample
Iimura, D., Takahashi, S., Aoki, M., Yoshizawa, K., Yanai, K., Miyamoto, S., & Boyle, M. P. (2026) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106233 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Communication attitude of Kannada-speaking adults who do and do not stutter
Veerabhadrappa, R. C., Jyotsna, K., Vanryckeghem, M., & Maruthy, S. (2021) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105866 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Auditory Processing of Speech and Nonspeech in People Who Stutter
Phillips, M. C., & Myers, E. B. (2024) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2024_jslhr-24-00107 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reduced resting-state periodic beta power in adults who stutter is related to sensorimotor control of speech execution
Bowers, A. L., & Hudock, D. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the unhelpful thoughts and beliefs scale for Persian-speaking adults who stutter (UTBAS-P): A cross-cultural examination of social anxiety in people who stutter
Farpour, S., Shafie, B., Menzies, R. G., & Karimi, H. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106099 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Socioecological Determinants of Speech Evaluation and Treatment Among Children Who Stutter
Briley, P. M., & Jacobs, M. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-24-00483 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An active inference account of stuttering behavior
Usler, E. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1498423 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Assessing Childhood Stuttering Recovery: Incorporating Self-Identification and Caregiver/Clinician Reports Through Adolescence
Treleaven, S., Rubsam, S., Sheppard, M., Yaruss, J. S., & Chang, S. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-24-00501 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Authors: Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
ORCID: Tichenor, Seth E.
Yaruss, J. Scott
Venue: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 2019-12-18
Volume: 62
Issue: 12
Pages: 4356-4369
ISSN: 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
1558-9102
DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00137
OpenAlex: W2995710170
Cited by: 195
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 16.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Voice and Speech Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Keywords: stuttering, adults who stutter, listener reactions, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Communication, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Terminology as Topic, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stuttering, Qualitative Research, Young Adult

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Stuttering as Defined by Adults Who Stutter

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