Measurement Properties of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories at Ages One and Two Years
Abstract
In a prospective study of child development in relation to early-life otitis media, we administered the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) to a large (N = 2,156), sociodemographically diverse sample of 1- and 2-year-old children. As a prerequisite for interpreting the CDI scores, we studied selected measurement properties of the inventories. Scores on the CDI/Words and Gestures (CDI-WG), designed for children 8 to 16 months old, and on the CDI/Words and Sentences (CDI-WS), designed for children 16 to 30 months old, increased significantly with months of age. On several scales of both CDI-WG and CDI-WS, standard deviations approximated or exceeded mean values, reflecting wide variability in results. Statistically significant differences in mean scores were found according to race, maternal education, and health insurance status as an indirect measure of income, but the directionality of differences was not consistent across inventories or across scales of the CDI-WS. Correlations between CDI-WG and CDI-WS ranged from .18 to .39. Our findings suggest that the CDI reflects the progress of language development within the age range 10 to 27 months. However, researchers and clinicians should exercise caution in using results of the CDI to identify individual children at risk for language deficits, to compare groups of children with different sociodemographic profiles, or to evaluate the effects of interventions.
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There are also previous studies reporting a negative effect of maternal education on caregiver-reported word comprehension.
“However, there are also previous studies reporting a negative effect of maternal education on caregiver‐reported word comprehension (e.g., Feldman et al., 2000; Reese & Read, 2000).”
From The role of dyadic combinations of infants' behaviors and caregivers' verbal and multimodal responses in predicting vocabulary outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2000
Many previous studies show that maternal education is positively associated with children's vocabulary size.
“This result is in contrast with many previous studies that show that maternal education is positively associated with children's vocabulary size (e.g., Feldman et al., 2000; Fenson et al., 2007; Hoff, 2003).”
From The role of dyadic combinations of infants' behaviors and caregivers' verbal and multimodal responses in predicting vocabulary outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2000
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- Authors
- Feldman, H. M., Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Kurs-Lasky, M., Janosky, J. E., & Paradise, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health , Pittsburgh, PA
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-03-01
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 310-322
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W1990219180
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 12.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01hd026026-10a2)
- U.S. Public Health Service (MCJ 429414)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 26026)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Keywords
- MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory, language development, toddlers, measurement properties, test-retest reliability, age-related changes, sociodemographic differences, language assessment
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Child Language, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Gestures, Humans, Infant, Language Tests, Male
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