Cited by 643Qualitative Research Methods and ApplicationsQualitative Research Methods and EthicsSociology and Education Studies

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Methodological issues in grounded theory

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Cutcliffe, John R.·2000·Journal of Advanced Nursing

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01430.x

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Abstract

Examination of the qualitative methodological literature shows that there appear to be conflicting opinions and unresolved issues regarding the nature and process of grounded theory. Researchers proposing to utilize this method would therefore be wise to consider these conflicting opinions. This paper therefore identifies and attempts to address four key issues, namely, sampling, creativity and reflexivity, the use of literature, and precision within grounded theory. The following recommendations are made. When utilizing a grounded method researchers need to consider their research question, clarify what level of theory is likely to be induced from their study, and then decide when they intend to access and introduce the second body of literature. They should acknowledge that in the early stages of data collection, some purposeful sampling appears to occur. In their search for conceptually dense theory, grounded theory researchers may wish to free themselves from the constraints that limit their use of creativity and tacit knowledge. Furthermore, the interests of researchers might be served by attention to issues of precision including, avoiding method slurring, ensuring theoretical coding occurs, and using predominantly one method of grounded theory while explaining and describing any deviation away from this chosen method. Such mindfulness and the resulting methodological rigour is likely to increase the overall quality of the inquiry and enhance the credibility of the findings.

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Background
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“…nurse (EPN). rounded theory rounded theory is a very popular methodology and methds package which has been described extensively in the iterature (Annells, 1996; Birks & Mills, 2011; Bryant & harmaz, 2007; Charmaz & Mitchell, 2001; Cutcliffe, 2000) ince its discovery by Glaser and Strauss (1967).”
Method
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“This means that, unlike random sampling, theoretical sampling is a form of non-probability sampling (Cutcliffe, 2000).”
Background
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“With origins in symbolic interactionism the researcher attempts to determine what symbolic meanings, artefacts, words and gestures have for people as they interact with one another and how individuals construct their notions of social reality through these symbolic meanings (Cutcliffe, 2000).”
Background
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“This flexibility is crucial for fully exploring the concept under consideration (Cutcliffe 2000 ).”
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Fouladi, S., Ekhlassi, A., & Sakhdari, K. (2021) · Qualitative Market Research An International Journal · doi:10.1108/qmr-04-2020-0048 · Cited by 14
Online and mobile customer behaviour: a critical evaluation of Grounded Theory studies
Valvi, A. C., Frangos, C. C., & Frangos, C. C. (2013) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2013.789082 · Cited by 14
“Next, treatment of the literature when GT is utilised has created conflicting ideas among researchers (Cutcliffe 2000, Martin 2006b, McCallin 2006).”
Method
Achieving peace and harmony in life: T hai B uddhists living with HIV / AIDS
Balthip, Q., Petchruschatachart, U., Piriyakoontorn, S., & Boddy, J. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12039 · Cited by 14
Investigating perceptions of the structure and development of scientific knowledge in the context of a transformed organic chemistry lecture course
Flaherty, A. A. (2020) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c9rp00201d · Cited by 14
Mixing a Grounded Theory Approach with a Randomized Controlled Trial Related to Intimate Partner Violence: What Challenges Arise for Mixed Methods Research?
Catallo, C., Jack, S. M., Ciliska, D. K., & MacMillan, H. L. (2013) · Nursing Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2013/798213 · Cited by 18
“After review of these quantitative results, grounded theory was considered the best qualitative method to explain these findings due to its ability to both describe and explain a system of behaviour and seek, as an end result, a substantive midrange theory grounded in the data [27].”
BackgroundMethod
Becoming deaf‐blind: Negotiating a place in a hostile world
Schneider, J. M. (2006) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2006.00587.x · Cited by 15
Exploration of the Socioecological Determinants of Hong Kong Workers’ Work-Life Balance: A Grounded Theory Model
Wong, K. P., & Chan, A. H. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010732 · Cited by 13
“Grounded theory has been widely applied in different research areas, such as clinical [54,55], management [56] and death research [57].”
Striving for autonomy in everyday diabetes self-management—qualitative exploration via grounded theory approach
Sallay, V., Klinovszky, A., Csuka, S. I., Buzás, N., & Papp-Zipernovszky, O. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058885 · Cited by 22
“Selective codes represented the theoretically relevant higher order processes that appeared in open and axial codes and that were also verified by the theoretical sampling of the participants’ accounts.”
Mapping a transformation from a traditional to an entrepreneurial organisation: A South African case
Serfontein, S., Basson, J. S., & Burden, J. (2009) · SA Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v7i1.155 · Cited by 13
“…Schurink (2004) contends that there are apparently at least three distinct perspectives on assessing the quality of qualitative research (see Cutliffe, 2000): qualitative and quantitative research should be evaluated by the same measures; qualitative research should be evaluated by…”
Background
Perceived impact of the Person of the Therapist Training model on Drexel University Master of Family Therapy postgraduates’ clinical work
Claudio, F. L. A., & Watson, M. F. (2018) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/08975353.2018.1416236 · Cited by 13
“Theoretical sampling continued until core categories were saturated, enhancing trustworthiness (Cutcliffe, 2000).”
Background
Practicalities in doctorate research of using grounded theory methodology in understanding nurses’ behaviours when caring for culturally diverse patients
Markey, K., Tilki, M., & Taylor, G. (2020) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102751 · Cited by 13
Nurses' perceptions of success in self‐management support: An exploratory qualitative study
Duprez, V., Beeckman, D., Hecke, A. V., & Verhaeghe, S. T. L. (2020) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22018 · Cited by 13
Coping With the Effects of Myocardial Infarction From the Viewpoint of Patients’ Spouses
Salminen-tuomaala, M., Åstedt-Kurki, P., Rekiaro, M., & Paavilainen, E. (2013) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840713483922 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, it was important from the perspective of the spouse’s coping experiences to illuminate the interrelationships among acute phase conditions, the meaning of the situation for the spouse, and his/her ability to take action (Cutcliffe, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Achieving Fulfilment in Life: Cultivating the Mindset of Gratitude Among Thai Adolescents
Balthip, K., Suwanphahu, B., & McSherry, W. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211070791 · Cited by 14
“The sampling was continued until category saturation was reached, which was when the participants were saying nothing new about the concepts being explored, and no new codes emerged during coding (Cutcliffe, 2000; Speziale & Carpenter, 2003).”
Background
Imaginaries on ice: Sociotechnical futures of data centre development in Norway and Iceland
Upham, P., Sovacool, B. K., & Monyei, C. G. (2022) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486221126619 · Cited by 12
“Coding for both the promotional and newspaper material initially used the higher order codes of the material, moral and meaning dimensions of Jasanoff (2015); that is, theory was introduced at the coding stage (Cutcliffe, 2000).”
What do the conceptions of geo/spatial information tell us about information literacy?
Nazari, M., & Webber, S. (2011) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220411111109502 · Cited by 12
“Likewise, constant comparisons of data with the emergent themes shaped a robust foundation for the emergent conceptions (Cutcliffe, 2000).”
Background
The emergency patient's participation in medical decision‐making
Wang, L., Goopy, S. E., Lin, C., Barnard, A., Han, C.-Y. S., & Liu, H. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.13296 · Cited by 12
The Impact of Social Anxiety on Occupational Participation in College Life
Clarke, J., & Fox, J. (2017) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2016.1222323 · Cited by 13
“Saturation means that no new information is emerging from the interview data (Cutcliffe, 2000).”
Grounded Theory and Social Psychology Approach to Investigating the Formation of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behaviour
Han, Y., Li, X., Feng, Z., Jin, R., Kangwa, J., & Ebohon, O. J. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/3581563 · Cited by 12
“Researchers also followed other methodological guides in adopting Grounded)eory in this study, specifically: (1) early stages of data collection may involve purposeful sampling [56] as evidenced in the example of MacDonald [57]; (2) as data collection and analysis progress, e.”
BackgroundMethod
Mutuality at the center: health promotion with Cape Verdean immigrant women
Jesús, M. D. (2009) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557850802023141 · Cited by 12
“Saturation (ie, when interviews add nothing to what is already known about a category, its properties, and its relationship to the core category) was achieved with nine Cape Verdean women health promoters (Morse 1995 , Cutcliffe 2000 ).”
Background
In Search of Motivation for the Business Survey Response Task
van Grinsven, V. T., Bolko, I., & Bavdaž, M. (2014) · Journal of Official Statistics · doi:10.2478/jos-2014-0039 · Cited by 12
“In the case of both primary and secondary data sources, the selection of businesses aimed to gather as many different insights as possible in accordance with purposeful maximum variation sampling (Cutcliffe 2000).”
Background
Factors affecting training transfer in supervisors and hourly employees in a manufacturing organization
Edwards, J. S. (2013) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 12
Environmental factors influencing intergenerational interactions in residential communities: A US nationwide survey of built environment experts
Zhong, S., Hahm, Y., Chen, X., Wang, N., & Lee, C. (2025) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103296 · Cited by 13
Women with Neck Pain on Long-Term Sick Leave—Approaches Used in the Return to Work Process: A Qualitative Study
Åhlström, L., Dellve, L., Hagberg, M., & Ahlberg, K. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-016-9636-3 · Cited by 11

Authors: Cutcliffe, J. R.
Affiliations: University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author: Cutcliffe, John R.
Venue: Journal of Advanced Nursing
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-06
Volume: 31
Issue: 6
Pages: 1476-1484
ISSN: 0309-2402 (ISSN-L)
1365-2648
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01430.x
OpenAlex: W2165793557
Cited by: 642
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 5.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
works.bepress.com
Licence: cc-by
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 572 d)
Locations: Journal of Advanced Nursing (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CORE Scholar (Wright State University) (submittedVersion)
Journal of Bioresource Management (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Sociology and Education Studies
Keywords: grounded theory, qualitative research methodology, sampling, creativity, reflexivity, tacit knowledge, methodological quality, nursing research
MeSH terms: Humans, Nursing, Nursing Theory, Nursing Methodology Research

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