Cited by 216Geological formations and processesPaleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeochemistry and Elemental Analysis

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Hydrothermal and resedimented origins of the precursor sediments to banded iron formation: sedimentological evidence from the Early Palaeoproterozoic Brockman Supersequence of Western Australia

Krapež, Bryan, Barley, Mark E., Pickard, April L.·2003·Sedimentology

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00594.x

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Abstract

Abstract The Early Palaeoproterozoic Brockman Supersequence comprises banded iron formation (BIF), bedded chert, limestone, mudrock, sandstone, breccia, tuffaceous mudstone, ashfall tuff and, in sections not reported here, basalt and rhyolite. Density current rhythms are preserved in sandstones, mudrocks, tuffaceous mudstones and limestones. Relics of similar rhythms in BIF imply that its precursor sediments were also deposited by density currents. Hemipelagic deposits are siliciclastic or mixed siliciclastic–volcaniclastic mudstones. Bedded chert, chert nodules and the chert matrix of BIF preserve evidence for formation by diagenetic replacement. For bedded chert (and chert nodules), silica replacement occurred before compaction close to or at the sediment–water interface, indicating that it is siliceous hardground. The chert matrix of BIF formed during compaction but before burial metamorphism. Original sediments were resedimented from two sources: (1) limestone, mudrock, sandstone, breccia and tuffaceous mudstone from a shelf; and (2) BIF from within the basin realm. Shelf sediments were resedimented to basin‐floor fans during third‐order lowstands. The precursor sediments to BIF are interpreted to have been granular hydrothermal muds, composed of iron‐rich smectite and particles of iron oxyhydroxide and siderite that were deposited on the flanks of submarine volcanoes and resedimented by density currents. Resedimentation occurred by either bottom currents or gravity‐driven turbidity currents, and the resulting sediment bodies may have been contourite drifts. The concept that BIF records high‐frequency alternating precipitation from ambient sea water of iron minerals and silica is negated by this study. Instead, it is postulated that the precursor sediments to BIF originated in much the same way as modern Red Sea hydrothermal iron oxide deposits, implying that at least the particles of iron oxyhydroxide originated from the oxidation of vent fluids by sea water. Several orders of cyclicity in basin filling establish a relationship between rising to high sea levels, episodic sea‐floor hydrothermal activity and BIF that is reminiscent of the link between eustacy and spreading‐ridge pulses.

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Authors: Krapež, B., Barley, M. E., & Pickard, A. L.
Affiliations: The University of Western Australia (AU)
Corresponding author: Krapež, Bryan
Barley, Mark E.
Pickard, April L.
ORCID: Krapež, Bryan
Venue: Sedimentology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-09-22
Volume: 50
Issue: 5
Pages: 979-1011
ISSN: 0037-0746 (ISSN-L)
1365-3091
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00594.x
OpenAlex: W2165732484
Cited by: 216
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 10.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Sedimentology (publishedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia
Minerals Research Institute of Western Australia
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Geological formations and processes
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
Keywords: banded iron formations, Paleoproterozoic, hydrothermal sediments, resedimentation, gravity currents, turbidity currents, contourite drifts, bedded chert, iron oxyhydroxide, smectite, submarine volcanoes, basin floor fans, eustasy

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Hydrothermal and resedimented origins of the precursor sediments to banded iron formation: sedimentological evidence from the Early Palaeoproterozoic Brockman Supersequence of Western Australia

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