Hydrothermal plumes and the delivery of iron to banded iron formation
Abstract
Most of the iron in banded iron formation (BIF) was deposited during the period 2.7-1.8 Ga. Within this period, Fe deposition rates were at least as high as $$10^{12} gm/y$$. According to new age models for the largest BIFs, peak deposition occurred between 2.4-2.3 Ga. It is likely that such high deposition rates would not be met by a solely continental source of iron unless significant quantities were remobilized in marine sediment. Estimates of global heat loss for the Late Archean-Early Proterozoic suggest a hydrothermal cycling rate approximately three times greater than at present, so hydrothermal water-rock exchanges were a more important source of Fe to the oceans than today. Hydro-thermal plumes, depleted in $$O_{2}$$ and enriched in Fe, were generated at mid-ocean ridge crests with substantially shallower depths than present. Assuming hydrothermal effluent dilution factors of $$10^{4}$$, plumes transported iron which had a dominantly hydrothermal source into the upper water column and transferred it to margins where BIFs accumulated. However, unless the quantity of iron liberated during hydrothermal cycling was significantly greater per unit volume of water than today, then either $$\approx 10\%$$ of all hydrothermal iron accumulated in the five very large class BIFs, or they also received Fe from continental sources.
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Superior-type iron formations can be very laterally extensive, with original aerial extents estimated in some cases to be over 100,000 km2.
“Superior-type IFs can be very laterally extensive, with original aerial extents estimated in some cases to be over 100,000 km 2 (Isley, 1995; Bekker et al., 2010).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Isley, 1995
The largest Superior-type iron formations contain over 10^14 tons of iron.
“the largest Superior-type IFs contain over 10 14 tons of iron (Isley, 1995)”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Isley, 1995
Archaean ridge crests were likely shallower than today, reflecting higher mantle temperatures, and under such conditions, hydrothermal effluent could have risen buoyantly upwards through the water column to the photic zone.
“Archaean ridge crests were likely shallower than today (Isley, 1995), reflecting higher mantle temperatures, and under such conditions, hydrothermal effluent could have risen buoyantly upwards through the water column to the photic zone - where various oxidative mechanisms could have occurred (see section 2.4).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Isley, 1995
The largest IFs by mass are associated with the Brockman Iron Formation in the Hamersley Group of the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia.
“The largest IFs by mass are associated with the Brockman Iron Formation in the Hamersley Group of the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia (Isley, 1995; Trendall and Blockley, 2004)”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Isley, 1995
The data suggest that hydrothermal systems were likely the source of iron for the ca. 1.88 Ga GIF.
“These data also suggest that the hydrothermal systems were likely the source of iron, consistent with earlier models (e.g., Isley, 1995).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Isley, 1995
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- Authors
- Isley, A. E.
- Corresponding author
- Isley, Ann E.
- Venue
- The Journal of Geology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 169-185
- ISSN
- 0022-1376 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5269
- OpenAlex
- W2018618911
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Geology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- banded iron formations, hydrothermal plumes, effluent dilution, ocean redox state
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