Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ

Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue

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Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance

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The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity

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Paradoxical Decrease of an Adipose-Specific Protein, Adiponectin, in Obesity

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The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes

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Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance.

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Obesity and insulin resistance

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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Nuclear Control of Metabolism

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Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans

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IRS-1-Mediated Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity in TNF-α- and Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance

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The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action

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AdipoQ Is a Novel Adipose-specific Gene Dysregulated in Obesity

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Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-α function

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Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ

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Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and δ

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Effects of Recombinant Leptin Therapy in a Child with Congenital Leptin Deficiency

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Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance

Kern, P. A., Ranganathan, S., Li, C., Wood, L., & Ranganathan, G. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.e745 · Cited by 1,883 · see citing works

Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein

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PPARγ Ligands Increase Expression and Plasma Concentrations of Adiponectin, an Adipose-Derived Protein

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Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ

Ahima, R. S., & Flier, J. S. (2000) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(00)00301-5 · Cited by 1,608 · see citing works

Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1–associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity

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The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase

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Adipose-selective targeting of the GLUT4 gene impairs insulin action in muscle and liver

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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Nuclear Control of Metabolism

Desvergne, B. (1999) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.20.5.649 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works

Leptin-Replacement Therapy for Lipodystrophy

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Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity

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ACRP30/adiponectin: an adipokine regulating glucose and lipid metabolism

Berg, A. H., Combs, T. P., & Scherer, P. E. (2002) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00524-0 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works

Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits signaling from the insulin receptor.

Hotamışlıgil, G. S., Murray, D. L., Choy, L., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.4854 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works

Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues of Obese Subjects Release Interleukin-6: Depot Difference and Regulation by Glucocorticoid

Fried, S. K. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.3.847 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works

Regional adiposity and morbidity.

Kissebah, A. H., & Krakower, G. R. (1994) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1994.74.4.761 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works

Elevated Levels of Interleukin 6 Are Reduced in Serum and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Obese Women after Weight Loss

Bastard, J., Jardel, C., Bruckert, É., Blondy, P., Capeau, J., Laville, M., Vidal, H., & Hainque, B. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.9.6839 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works

Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ

Mohamed‐Ali, V., Pinkney, J. H., & Coppack, S. W. (1998) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800770 · Cited by 999 · see citing works

Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30

Combs, T. P., Berg, A. H., Obici, S., Scherer, P. E., & Rossetti, L. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci14120 · Cited by 935 · see citing works

Enhanced expression of PAI–1 in visceral fat: Possible contributor to vascular disease in obeisty

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Does central obesity reflect “Cushing's disease of the omentum”?

Bujalska, I. J., Kumar, S., & Stewart, P. M. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)11222-8 · Cited by 753 · see citing works

Resistin / Fizz3 Expression in Relation to Obesity and Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Action in Humans

Savage, D. B., Sewter, C. P., Klenk, E. S., Segal, D. G., Vidal‐Puig, A., Considine, R. V., & O’Rahilly, S. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2199 · Cited by 748 · see citing works

Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice.

Coleman, D. L. (1973) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf01221857 · Cited by 729 · see citing works

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Releases Interleukin-6, But Not Tumor Necrosis Factor- , in Vivo

Mohamed-Ali, V. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.82.12.4196 · Cited by 717 · see citing works

Circulating Interleukin‐6 in Relation to Adiposity, Insulin Action, and Insulin Secretion

Vozarova, B., Weyer, C., Hanson, K. A., Tataranni, P. A., Bogardus, C., & Pratley, R. E. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.54 · Cited by 638 · see citing works

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Is Accompanied by a Loss of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and GLUT4 Expression without a Loss of Insulin Receptor-mediated Signal Transduction

Stephens, J. M., Lee, J., & Pilch, P. F. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.2.971 · Cited by 553 · see citing works

Tumor Necrosis Factor α-induced Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1)

Kanety, H., Feinstein, R., Papa, M. Z., Hemi, R., & Karasik, A. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23780 · Cited by 435 · see citing works

Obesity and the Hypothalamus: Novel Peptides for New Pathways

Flier, J. S., & Maratos–Flier, E. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80937-x · Cited by 430 · see citing works

Adipose Tissue Resistin Expression Is Severely Suppressed in Obesity and Stimulated by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Agonists

Way, J. M., Görgün, C. Z., Tong, Q., Uysal, K. T., Brown, K. K., Harrington, W. W., Oliver, W. R., Willson, T. M., Kliewer, S. A., & Hotamışlıgil, G. S. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c100189200 · Cited by 414 · see citing works

Mechanisms of Liver and Muscle Insulin Resistance Induced by Chronic High-Fat Feeding

Oakes, N. D., Cooney, G. J., Camilleri, S., Chisholm, D. J., & Kraegen, E. W. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.11.1768 · Cited by 414 · see citing works

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α Inhibits Insulin Signaling through Stimulation of the p55 TNF Receptor and Activation of Sphingomyelinase

Peraldi, P., Hotamisligil, G. S., Buurman, W. A., White, M. F., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.22.13018 · Cited by 412 · see citing works

Regulation of Adipose Cell Number in Man

Prins, J. B., & O'rahilly, S. (1997) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0920003 · Cited by 406 · see citing works

Cortisol Metabolism in Human Obesity: Impaired Cortisone→Cortisol Conversion in Subjects with Central Adiposity¹

Stewart, P. M., Boulton, A., Kumar, S., Clark, P. M. S., & Shackleton, C. H. L. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.3.5538 · Cited by 398 · see citing works

PPARγ Activation in Human Endothelial Cells Increases Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 Expression

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link

Hotamışlıgil, G. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.43.11.1271 · Cited by 354 · see citing works

Effects of fat on glucose uptake and utilization in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

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Severely Impaired Adipsin Expression in Genetic and Acquired Obesity

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Resistin Gene Expression in Human Adipocytes Is Not Related to Insulin Resistance

Janke, J., Engeli, S., Gorzelniak, K., Luft, F. C., & Sharma, A. M. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.1 · Cited by 318 · see citing works

Adipsin and Complement Factor D Activity: An Immune-Related Defect in Obesity

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Skeletal muscle membrane lipid composition is related to adiposity and insulin action.

Pan, D. A., Lillioja, S., Milner, M. R., Kriketos, A. D., Baur, L. A., Bogardus, C., & Storlien, L. H. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118350 · Cited by 303 · see citing works

Angiotensin II Increases Lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 and Human Adipose Cells*

Jones, B. H., Standridge, M. K., & Moustaïd, N. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.138.4.5038 · Cited by 302 · see citing works

Adipsin and an endogenous pathway of complement from adipose cells.

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Ectopic expression of the agouti gene in transgenic mice causes obesity, features of type II diabetes, and yellow fur.

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Effect of rosiglitazone on glucose and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in Type II diabetic patients

Miyazaki, Y., Glass, L. C., Triplitt, C. L., Matsuda, M., Cusi, K. J., Mahankali, A., Mahankali, S., Mandarino, L. J., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100031 · Cited by 274 · see citing works

Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and the role of the adipocyte

Hotamisligil, G. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801497 · Cited by 270 · see citing works

Free Fatty Acid as a Link in the Regulation of Hepatic Glucose Output by Peripheral Insulin

Rebrin, K., Steil, G. M., Getty‐Kaushik, L., & Bergman, R. N. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.9.1038 · Cited by 270 · see citing works

Effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) on glucose transport and lipid metabolism of newly-differentiated human fat cells in cell culture

Hauner, H., Petruschke, T., Russ, M., Röhrig, K., & Eckel, J. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050350 · Cited by 261 · see citing works

Chronic exposure to free fatty acid reduces pancreatic beta cell insulin content by increasing basal insulin secretion that is not compensated for by a corresponding increase in proinsulin biosynthesis translation.

Bollheimer, L. C., Skelly, R. H., Chester, M. W., McGarry, J., & Rhodes, C. J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci420 · Cited by 248 · see citing works

Tissue-specific nutritional regulation of angiotensinogen in adipose tissue.

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Tumor necrosis factor mimics the metabolic response to acute infection in healthy humans

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The adipsin-acylation stimulating protein system and regulation of intracellular triglyceride synthesis.

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Central Role of the Adipocyte in the Metabolic Syndrome

Bergman, R. N., Van Citters, G. W., Mittelman, S. D., Dea, M. K., Hamilton-Wessler, M., Kim, S. P., & Ellmerer, M. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/6650.2001.34108 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Human Adipose Tissue Expresses Angiotensinogen and Enzymes Required for Its Conversion to Angiotensin II

Karlsson, C. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.11.3925 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha acutely inhibits insulin signaling in human adipocytes: implication of the p80 tumor necrosis factor receptor.

Liu, L. S., Spelleken, M., Röhrig, K., Hauner, H., & Eckel, J. (1998) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.4.515 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Tumor Necrosis Factor-  in Sera of Obese Patients: Fall with Weight Loss

Dandona, P. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.8.2907 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Thiazolidinediones Increase Plasma-Adipose Tissue FFA Exchange Capacity and Enhance Insulin-Mediated Control of Systemic FFA Availability

Oakes, N. D., Thalén, P., Jacinto, S. M., & Ljung, B. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1158 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

A fatty acid- dependent step is critically important for both glucose- and non-glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

Dobbins, R. L., Chester, M. W., Stevenson, B. E., Daniels, M. B., Stein, D. T., & McGarry, J. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci1813 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Thiazolidinediones Down-Regulate Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 Expression in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells: A Possible Role for PPARγ in Endothelial Function

Kato, K., Satoh, H., Endo, Y., Yamada, D., Midorikawa, S., Sato, W., Mizuno, K., Fujita, T., Tsukamoto, K., & Watanabe, T. (1999) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0648 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells and causes delipidation of newly developed fat cells

Petruschke, T., & Hauner, H. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.3.8445033 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Regulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha release from human adipose tissue in vitro

Sewter, C. P., Digby, J., Blows, F. M., Prins, J. B., & O’Rahilly, S. (1999) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1630033 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

A High Fat Diet Impairs Stimulation of Glucose Transport in Muscle

Hansen, P. A., Han, D. H., Marshall, B. A., Nolte, L. A., Chen, M. M., Mueckler, M. M., & Holloszy, J. O. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.40.26157 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor- Are Increased in Obese Patients with Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Katsuki, A. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.3.859 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

A family with complement factor D deficiency

Biesma, D. H., Hannema, A. J., van Velzen‐Blad, H., Mulder, L., van Zwieten, R., Kluijt, I., & Roos, D. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200112023 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Mechanisms of liver and muscle insulin resistance induced by chronic high-fat feeding

Oakes, N. D., Cooney, G. J., Camilleri, S., et al. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.11.1768 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Glucocorticoids and insulin promote plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 production by human adipose tissue.

Morange, P., Aubert, J., Peiretti, F., LIJNEN, H. R., Vague, P., Verdier, M., Négrel, R., Juhan-Vague, I., & Alessi, M. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.4.890 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

Expression pattern of tumour necrosis factor receptors in subcutaneous and omental human adipose tissue: role of obesity and non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus

Hube, Birgel, Lee, & Hauner (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00520.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works

Effects of an engineered human anti-TNF-alpha antibody (CDP571) on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with NIDDM

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Secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha shows a strong relationship to insulin-stimulated glucose transport in human adipose tissue.

Löfgren, P., van Harmelen, V., Reynisdottir, S., Näslund, E. B., Rydén, M., Rössner, S. M., & Arner, P. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.5.688 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Fatty acids, triglycerides and syndromes of insulin resistance

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Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin

Rebrin, K., Steil, G. M., Getty, L., et al. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.44.9.1038 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Interleukin‐6 an endocrine cytokine

Jones, T. H. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02502.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Angiotensin II Increases Lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 and Human Adipose Cells

Jones, B. H. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.138.4.1512 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces apoptosis of human adipose cells

Prins, J. B., Niesler, C. U., Winterford, C. M., Bright, N., Siddle, K., O'Rahilly, S., Walker, N. I., & Cameron, D. P. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.12.1939 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Of mice and men (and women) and the acylation-stimulating protein pathway

Sniderman, A. D., Maslowska, M., & Cianflone, K. (2000) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200006000-00010 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

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