Can ChatGPT draft a research article? An example of population-level vaccine effectiveness analysis
Open accessAbstract
We reflect on our experiences of using Generative Pre-trained Transformer ChatGPT, a chatbot launched by OpenAI in November 2022, to draft a research article. We aim to demonstrate how ChatGPT could help researchers to accelerate drafting their papers. We created a simulated data set of 100 000 health care workers with varying ages, Body Mass Index (BMI), and risk profiles. Simulation data allow analysts to test statistical analysis techniques, such as machine-learning based approaches, without compromising patient privacy. Infections were simulated with a randomized probability of hospitalisation. A subset of these fictitious people was vaccinated with a fictional vaccine that reduced this probability of hospitalisation after infection. We then used ChatGPT to help us decide how to handle the simulated data in order to determine vaccine effectiveness and draft a related research paper. AI-based language models in data analysis and scientific writing are an area of growing interest, and this exemplar analysis aims to contribute to the understanding of how ChatGPT can be used to facilitate these tasks.
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Utilizing GAI tools introduces the risk of plagiarism, when text is duplicated from data sources.
“Additionally, utilizing GAI tools introduces the risk of plagiarism, when text is duplicated from data sources.12 33”
From Publishers’ and journals’ instructions to authors on use of generative artificial intelligence in academic and scientific publishing: Bibliometric analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
In “Writing the results and discussion” (page not supplied), the paper warns that ChatGPT-generated papers may develop overly similar paragraphs and structures, causing problems with plagiarism checks. It does not say the risk arises from duplicating text from data sources. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGPT-3.5 iteration has already shown promise in several routine medical tasks and medical research.
“ChatGPT’s GPT-3.5 iteration has already shown promise in several routine medical tasks and medical research [4-7], even raising ethical concerns in the literature [2,3,8].”
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Shiraishi, M., Tanigawa, K., Tomioka, Y., Miyakuni, A., Moriwaki, Y., Yang, R., Oba, J., & Okazaki, M. (2024) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-024-04002-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tang, G., & Eaton, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Scholarly Publishing · doi:10.3138/jsp-2023-0079 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lo, N., & Chan, S. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-025-04532-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yapay Zekâ Destekli Dil İşleme Teknolojisi Olan ChatGPT’nin Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kullanımı
Yiğit, S., Berşe, S., & Dіrgar, E. (2023) · Eurasian Journal of Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.52148/ehta.1302000 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Based on Medicine, The Now and Future of Large Language Models
Su, Z., Tang, G., Huang, R., Yang, Q. W., Zhang, Z., & Dai, X. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-024-00820-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Plagio a la Inteligencia Artificial en estudiantes de bachillerato: un problema real
Arce, D. D. (2023) · Revista Innova Educación · doi:10.35622/j.rie.2023.02.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
ChatGPT as Co-author: Are researchers impressed or distressed?
Bhatia, G., & Kulkarni, A. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103564 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Macdonald, C., Adeloye, D., Sheikh, A., & Rudan, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rudan, Igor
- Venue
- Journal of Global Health
- Published
- 2023-02-17
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 01003-01003
- ISSN
- 2047-2978 (ISSN-L)
- 2047-2986
- PMC
- PMC9936200
- OpenAlex
- W4321167341
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 1
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Global Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, generative AI, scientific writing, vaccine effectiveness, population-level analysis, simulated data, healthcare workers, hospitalization
- MeSH terms
- Vaccine Efficacy, Computer Simulation, Confidentiality, Health Personnel, Humans, Software
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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