The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Academic integrity and artificial intelligence: is ChatGPT hype, hero or heresy?
Abstract
Academic integrity in both higher education and scientific writing has been challenged by developments in artificial intelligence. The limitations associated with algorithms have been largely overcome by the recently released ChatGPT; a chatbot powered by GPT-3.5 capable of producing accurate and human-like responses to questions in real-time. Despite the potential benefits, ChatGPT confronts significant limitations to its usefulness in nuclear medicine and radiology. Most notably, ChatGPT is prone to errors and fabrication of information which poses a risk to professionalism, ethics and integrity. These limitations simultaneously undermine the value of ChatGPT to the user by not producing outcomes at the expected standard. Nonetheless, there are a number of exciting applications of ChatGPT in nuclear medicine across education, clinical and research sectors. Assimilation of ChatGPT into practice requires redefining of norms, and re-engineering of information expectations.
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“Greitemeyer and Kastenmüller (2023) and Currie (2023) indicate that unequal access also has a bearing on academic integrity behaviours and ethical use.”
From Mapping the impact of generative AI in higher education: A scoping review of psychological and equity dimensions. (2026) · cites this paper as Currie (2023)
In the citing paper
“While generative AI has the potential to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in academic endeavors, it also presents opportunities for misuse in the form of academic misconduct and plagiarism (Bin-Nashwan et al., 2023;Currie, 2023).”
From GenAI et al.: Cocreation, Authorship, Ownership, Academic Ethics and Integrity in a Time of Generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as Currie, 2023
In the citing paper
“Hallucinations have been encountered in various domains, including the content itself and the cited references, including their bibliographic identifiers [12,27-29].”
From Reference Hallucination Score for Medical Artificial Intelligence Chatbots: Development and Usability Study (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, AI chatbots encounter a hallucination/fabrication phenomenon recognized early in their use in health care.”
From Reference Hallucination Score for Medical Artificial Intelligence Chatbots: Development and Usability Study (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
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InfluentialAssessing trustworthy AI: Technical and legal perspectives of fairness in AI
Kattnig, M., Angerschmid, A., Reichel, T., & Kern, R. (2024) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106053 · Cited by 63
Tong, W., Guan, Y., Chen, J., Huang, X., Zhong, Y., Zhang, C., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1237432 · Cited by 39
“In the application of artificial intelligence in healthcare, ethical considerations should always be central, especially when AI technologies begin to involve medical diagnostics and treatment decision-making (32–34).”
BackgroundUse and Application of Large Language Models for Patient Questions Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Bains, S. S., Dubin, J. A., Hameed, D., Sax, O. C., Douglas, S., Mont, M. A., Nace, J., & Delanois, R. E. (2024) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2024.03.017 · Cited by 36
From GPT-3.5 to GPT-4.o: A Leap in AI’s Medical Exam Performance
Kipp, M. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15090543 · Cited by 33
Morell‐Mengual, V., Fernández‐García, O., Berenguer, C., Ortega-Barón, J., Gil‐Llario, M. D., & Estruch‐García, V. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13650-1 · Cited by 27
“Chatbots may deliver inac - curate responses as they rely on data that is not continuously updated (Currie, 2023 ).”
Gender bias in generative artificial intelligence text-to-image depiction of medical students
Currie, G., Currie, J., Anderson, S., & Hewis, J. (2024) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969241274621 · Cited by 34
“While potentially transformative, genAI and large language models (LLMs) have the potential for errors, misrepresentations, misuse and bias (Ali et al., 2024; Cevik et al., 2023; Currie, 2023).”
Self-citationKienzle, A., Niemann, M., Meller, S., & Gwinner, C. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14010069 · Cited by 37
“Concurrently, transparency about its artificial nature is vital in preventing overreliance on its advice and in reminding patients of its limitations compared with human clinical judgment [28,29].”
BackgroundZhou, K. Z., Kilhoffer, Z., Sanfilippo, M. R., Underwood, T., Gumusel, E., Wei, M., Choudhry, A., & Xiong, J. (2024) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2401.12453 · Cited by 33
“Currie et al. found that ChatGPT was prone to hallucinating information, posing a risk to professionalism, ethics, and integrity [23].”
BackgroundMultimodality of AI for Education: Toward Artificial General Intelligence
Lee, G., Shi, L., Latif, E., Gao, Y., Bewersdorff, A., Nyaaba, M., Guo, S., Liu, Z., Mai, G., Liu, T., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2025.3574466 · Cited by 199
“The integration of AGI systems, such as ChatGPT and Bing AI, has markedly intensified the ongoing discussion on its impact on academic integrity when utilizing AGI on tasks, such as essay writing [165].”
The Application of ChatGPT in Medicine: A Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Wu, J., Ma, Y., Wang, J., & Xiao, M. (2024) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s463128 · Cited by 47
Using ChatGPT in Nursing: Scoping Review of Current Opinions
Zhou, Y. J., Li, S., Tang, X., He, Y.-C., Ma, H., Wang, A., Pei, R., & Piao, M. (2024) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/54297 · Cited by 37
“In addition, students can also exploit ChatGPT for cheating during examinations, thus undermining the integrity of these assessments [51,52].”
Ali, H., & Aysan, A. F. (2024) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/ijoes-04-2024-0112 · Cited by 56
Brondani, M., Alves, C., Ribeiro, C., Braga, M. M., Garcia, R. C. M., Ardenghi, T., & Pattanaporn, K. (2024) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.13663 · Cited by 29
“That is, it is not new within the discussion of breach of academic integrity, 32 where honest and responsible scholarship and the moral code of academia 33 are broken when students ask somebody else to do parts, or the entirety, of their work.”
Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of AI content detectors in academic contexts
Hadra, M., Cambridge, K., & Mesbah, M. (2026) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-026-00213-1 · Cited by 27
“…that the presence of AI-generated text cannot, by itself, be equated with misconduct (Chan 2025), however the potential misuse of GenAI by students to produce essay assignments and present them as original work remains a major concern in higher education institutions (Currie 2023; Perkins 2023).”
The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Medicine
Lopes, L. R., López-Montes, A., Chen, Y., Koller, P., Rathod, N., Blomgren, A., Caobelli, F., Rominger, A., Shi, K., & Seifert, R. (2025) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.01.006 · Cited by 26
Jukiewicz, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1594572 · Cited by 36
Integrating ChatGPT in a Computer Science Course: Students Perceptions and Suggestions
Aruleba, K. D., Sanusi, I., Obaido, G., & Ogbuokiri, B. (2023) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.01640 · Cited by 23
“The inconsistencies in ChatGPT’s responses, as highlighted by our participants, have been a common issue reported in previous studies (Joshi, Budhiraja, Dev, Kadia, Ataullah, Mitra, Kumar and Akolekar, 2023; Currie, 2023).”
ResultThe potential role of artificial intelligence in sustainability of nuclear medicine.
Currie, G., Hawk, K., & Rohren, E. (2024) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2024.03.005 · Cited by 22
Self-citationBringula, R. P. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00354-w · Cited by 25
“See Appendix A [1, 3, 10, 25, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39, 44,”
InfluentialLastrucci, A., Wandael, Y., Barra, A., Ricci, R., Pirrera, A., Lepri, G., Gulino, R. A., Miele, V., & Giansanti, D. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237337 · Cited by 20
“Radiologists: they are central to the application and interpretation of these technologies, ensuring that they align with clinical needs and improve patient outcomes.”
Exploring ChatGPT's abilities in medical article writing and peer review
Kadı, G., & Aslaner, M. A. (2024) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2024.65.93 · Cited by 23
“Some authors suggested that the use of AI-generated texts in academic publishing will increase the number of poor-quality or plagiarized articles, erode trust among the academic community, and lead to ethical concerns (16,17).”
AI disclosure, moral shame, and the punishment of honesty
Bao, A., & Zeng, Y. (2025) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2025.2542197 · Cited by 17
“Given the potential risks of unethical AI use, there are concerns that dishonest use of AI could undermine academic integrity (Currie 2023; Hosseini, Resnik, and Holmes 2023; Resnik and Hosseini 2025; Rodrigues et al. 2025; Tripathi and Thakar 2024).”
Khalifa, A. A., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2024) · Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research · doi:10.1108/agjsr-09-2023-0423 · Cited by 33
Baucon, A., & de Carvalho, C. N. (2024) · Geoheritage · doi:10.1007/s12371-024-01011-2 · Cited by 23
“First, academic integrity is a major issue related to GPT-based tools (Lo 2023 ; Currie 2023 ; Adeshola and Adepoju 2023 ).”
Evaluation of AI content generation tools for verification of academic integrity in higher education
Saqib, M. B., & Zia, S. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-10-2023-0470 · Cited by 18
GPT-4 in Nuclear Medicine Education: Does It Outperform GPT-3.5?
Currie, G. M. (2023) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.123.266485 · Cited by 21
Self-citationARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION. A LITERATURE REVIEW
Heredia–Carroza, J., & Stoica, R. (2024) · Journal of Public Administration Finance and Law · doi:10.47743/jopafl-2023-30-09 · Cited by 22
Students’ Response to ChatGPT: An Adaptive Technology-To-Performance Model
Zhang, X., Jiang, H., Qiao, Z., & Li, P. (2024) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2024.2386546 · Cited by 17
“51 Others mention that ChatGPT produces false answers or fabricates facts.”
Toward Value Scenario Generation Through Large Language Models
Jung, H., Seo, W., Song, S., & Na, S. (2023) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3584931.3606960 · Cited by 13
Academic integrity and the use of ChatGPT by EFL pre-service teachers
Khasawneh, M. A. S. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4783 · Cited by 25
“Contrary to the views of Currie (2023), Kong et al. (2023) and Lo (2023), some contend that the swift progression of AI technology could present humanity with insurmountable hazards and challenges.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA Data-Driven Approach for the Identification of Features for Automated Feedback on Academic Essays
Abbas, M., van Rosmalen, P., & Kalz, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2023.3320877 · Cited by 16
“Ongoing efforts to mitigate these biases remain challenging due to the complexity of identifying and rectifying biased patterns [117].”
BackgroundChatGPT vs pharmacy students in the pharmacotherapy time-limit test: A comparative study in Thailand
Taesotikul, S., Singhan, W., & Taesotikul, T. (2024) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2024.04.002 · Cited by 16
Severin, R., & Gagnon, K. (2025) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/jte.0000000000000381 · Cited by 12
Isaifan, R. J., & Hasna, M. O. (2025) · Quality in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13538322.2025.2576326 · Cited by 12
Generative AI in higher education in Indonesia: Patterns of use and learning impact
Rahiem, M. D. H. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102672 · Cited by 21
Siah, C. J. R., Lim, J. V., Lyu, M. M., Levett-Jones, T. L., & Mattar, I. (2025) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2025.10.007 · Cited by 13
The Impact of AI Tools on Education: ChatGPT in Focus
Al-Jahwari, M., & Yousif, M. J. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence & Robotics Development Journal · doi:10.52098/airdj.20244430 · Cited by 12
“In medical and scientific education, its contribution has been above par-from generating case studies, coding assignments, simplification of theories (Currie, 2023).”
Khan, M. S. (2023) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-023-00360-y · Cited by 18
“Ethical considerations come to the forefront, as the use of AI in automated research processes raises questions about the integrity of scholarly work [12, 13, 17].”
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Theranostics
Currie, G. M., & ROHREN, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.125.270251 · Cited by 11
Self-citationEbrahimi, Z., Kotamjani, S. S., Ugli, A. K. A., & Xodabande, I. (2025) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00631-z · Cited by 19
“These findings reflect broader debates in higher education around generative AI, where the speed and fluency of AI-generated output challenge long-standing assessment models and raise questions about authorship, originality, and fairness [15, 16, 18].”
Alizadeh, H., & Kashani, H. N. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-02-2024-0140 · Cited by 12
Ghostwriting: a reflection of academic dishonesty in the artificial intelligence era.
Padillah, R. (2023) · Journal of public health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdad169 · Cited by 11
Kalmus, J.-E., & Nikiforova, A. (2024) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.20130 · Cited by 10
“Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), a type of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, excels at generating diverse content, thereby offering unprecedented capabilities, however, raising ethical concerns regarding disinformation, accuracy, bias, privacy, and ownership [7, 9, 12, 6].”
BackgroundThe Nuclear Nephrology Artificial Intelligence Ecosystem
Currie, G. M., & ROHREN, E. M. (2025) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.11.002 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMurch, H. E., Worley, M., & Volk, F. A. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09634-y · Cited by 14
“Moreover, there are other potential ethical concerns, such as, generating fake data, citing fabricated references, and perpetuating bias (Bahammam et al., 2023; Ben-ichou, 2023; Currie, 2023).”
Botelho, F. M. N., Tshimula, J. M., & Poenaru, D. (2023) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-023-07167-2 · Cited by 10
Zeng, Z., Liu, S., Sha, L., Li, Z., Yang, K., Liu, S., Gasevic, D., & Chen, G. (2024) · Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2024/835 · Cited by 8
“They emphasize that over-reliance on ChatGPT could hinder the development of students’ writing and critical thinking skills [Ma et al. , 2023; Mitchell et al. , 2023] and, in the worst cases, lead to breaches of academic integrity [Currie, 2023; Sun and Hoelscher, 2023].”
BackgroundMemarian, B., & Doleck, T. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-025-04569-y · Cited by 18
“Currie [15] emphasized a lack of multicultural perspectives on the impact of technology, such as AI, on higher education and academic misconduct.”
InfluentialChatGPT in Engineering Teaching & Learning: Student and Faculty Perspective
Lukhmanov, Y., Perveen, A., & Tsakalerou, M. (2025) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016423 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of ChatGPT research in STEAM education
Prahanı, B. K., Nisa, K., Suliyanah, S., & Deta, U. A. (2024) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v14i1.30423 · Cited by 12
Currie, G. M., Hewis, J., Hawk, K. E., & ROHREN, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology · doi:10.2967/jnmt.124.268332 · Cited by 9
Self-citationDeng, A., Chen, W., Dai, J., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Jiang, J., & Rao, M. (2024) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2024.2399673 · Cited by 13
“Although the emergence of ChatGPT has challenged academic integrity in teaching institutions [3], it still has the potential to be a boon to medical education [4].”
How Supervisors Can Support Doctoral Students to Publish and Not Perish in Academia
Marson, J., & Ferris, K. (2023) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia3040097 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Currie, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Charles Sturt University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Currie, Geoffrey M.
- ORCID
- Currie, Geoffrey M.
- Venue
- Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 719-730
- ISSN
- 0001-2998 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4377234252
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 35
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Seminars in Nuclear Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, academic integrity, artificial intelligence, GPT-3.5, large language models, nuclear medicine education, radiology, scientific writing, professional ethics, clinical implementation of AI, artificial intelligence in research
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Humans, Nuclear Medicine
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