The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive behaviour therapy for primary insomnia: Can we rest yet?
Abstract
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for chronic insomnia has been a topic of interest to researchers and clinicians for over forty years. Investment in this area has paid off. Two meta-analyses and one major review by the Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine have concluded, beyond doubt, that CBT is effective in the treatment of primary insomnia. In this paper we argue that it is timely to raise new questions of CBT for insomnia: namely, is there still room for improvement? and can we rest yet? Whilst significant progress has been made we argue that the field is not, as yet, at a point where patients can be offered a maximally effective psychological treatment. Two lines of argument are developed to support this conclusion. First, it is noted that whilst the effect size for CBT for insomnia is moderate, it is lower than the effect sizes reported for CBT for a range of other psychological disorders. Second, it is suggested that the large literature outlining optimal procedures for conducting randomised controlled trials (RCTs) need to be more fully adopted by research workers in this field. Directions for future research are outlined including (1) guidelines for improved RCT methodology and (2) suggestions for developing empirically grounded treatments.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One study found that 19-26% of participants failed to show any response to treatment, and the overall reduction of insomnia symptoms average only 50-60%.4”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, adherence to stimulus control and sleep restriction techniques is difficult for many participants,4”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy-based behavioral intervention for insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
The Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration
Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., Moher, D., Egger, M., Davidoff, F., Elbourne, D., Gøtzsche, P. C., Lang, T., & for the CONSORT Group (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012 · Cited by 3,835
Improving the Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials: The CONSORT Statement
Begg, C. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540080059030 · Cited by 3,127
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,324
What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials
Hollis, S., & Campbell, F. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7211.670 · Cited by 2,160
Harvey, A. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00061-4 · Cited by 1,790
Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172 · Cited by 1,098
Behavioral and Pharmacological Therapies for Late-Life Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Morin, C. M., Colecchi, C., Stone, J., Sood, R., & Brink, D. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.11.991 · Cited by 1,095
Treatment of Chronic Insomnia by Restriction of Time in Bed
(1987) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/10.1.45 · Cited by 948
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Morin, C., Vallières, A., Guay, B., Ivers, H., Savard, J., Mérette, C., Bastien, C., & Baillargeon, L. (2009) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.682 · Cited by 766
“Although the present findings are promising, there is currently no treatment that works for every patient with insomnia and additional studies are needed to develop treatment algorithms to guide practitioners in the clinical management of insomnia.(48) Questions of clinical and scientific interest for further investig…”
BackgroundCognitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis
van Straten, A., van der Zweerde, T., Kleiboer, A., Cuijpers, P., Morin, C. M., & Lancee, J. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.02.001 · Cited by 676
Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences
Someren, E. J. W. V. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00046.2019 · Cited by 578
Espie, C. A., Broomfield, N. M., MacMahon, K. M. A., Macphee, L. M., & Taylor, L. M. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2006.03.002 · Cited by 532
(Mis)perception of Sleep in Insomnia: A Puzzle and a Resolution
Harvey, A. G., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025730 · Cited by 529
Self-citationInsomnia disorder: State of the science and challenges for the future
Riemann, D. W., Benz, F., Dressle, R. J., Espie, C. A., Johann, A. F., Blanken, T. F., Leerssen, J., Wassing, R., Henry, A. L., Kyle, S. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13604 · Cited by 398
“(Harvey & Tang, 2003) with “Yes!.” However, this would be premature and inadequate with respect to the many open questions still facing us in the insomnia field.”
BackgroundHammerschlag, A. R., Stringer, S., de Leeuw, C. A., Sniekers, S., Taskesen, E., Watanabe, K., Blanken, T. F., Dekker, K., te Lindert, B. H. W., Wassing, R., et al. (2017) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3888 · Cited by 289
Cognitive approaches to insomnia
Harvey, A. G., Tang, N. K. Y., & Browning, L. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.005 · Cited by 254
Sleep loss affects vigilance: effects of chronic insomnia and sleep therapy
Altena, E., van der Werf, Y. D., STRIJERS, R. L. M., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2008) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00671.x · Cited by 227
Towards a valid, reliable measure of sleep effort
BROOMFIELD, N. M., & ESPIE, C. A. (2005) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00481.x · Cited by 224
“Indeed, this should be employed more to study insomnia (Tang and Harvey, 2003).”
BackgroundHarvey, A. G., Bélanger, L., Talbot, L., Eidelman, P., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Fortier-Brochu, É., Ivers, H., Lamy, M., Hein, K., Soehner, A. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036606 · Cited by 215
Self-citationThe circadian timing system in clinical oncology
Innominato, P. F., Roche, V., Palesh, O. G., Ulusakarya, A., Spiegel, D., & Lévi, F. (2014) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.916990 · Cited by 214
The evidence base of sleep restriction therapy for treating insomnia disorder
Miller, C. B., Espie, C. A., Epstein, D. R., Friedman, L., Morin, C. M., Pigeon, W. R., Spielman, A. J., & Kyle, S. D. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.01.006 · Cited by 192
Self-help therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis
van Straten, A., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.04.006 · Cited by 185
Insomnia heterogeneity: Characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping
Benjamins, J. S., Migliorati, F., Dekker, K., Wassing, R., Moens, S., Blanken, T. F., Lindert, B. H. W. T., Mook, J. S., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.10.005 · Cited by 179
“Such biomarkers could provide clues on the mechanisms and pathways that underlie the disorder and consequently provide the basis needed to develop rational and more effective treatments than presently available [3].”
BackgroundThe caudate: a key node in the neuronal network imbalance of insomnia?
Stoffers, D., Altena, E., van der Werf, Y. D., Sanz‐Arigita, E., Voorn, T., Astill, R. G., STRIJERS, R. L. M., Waterman, D., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt329 · Cited by 158
“Even though treatments for insomnia have statistically significant effects, they typically do not yield full remission (for a review, see Harvey and Tang, 2003).”
BackgroundBenz, F., Knoop, T., Ballesio, A., Bacaro, V., Johann, A. F., Rücker, G., Feige, B., Riemann, D., & Baglioni, C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101873 · Cited by 142
The Complex Role of Sleep in Adolescent Depression
Clarke, G. N., & Harvey, A. G. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.01.006 · Cited by 143
O’Donnell, J. F. (2004) · Clinical cornerstone · doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(05)80002-x · Cited by 134
Jernelöv, S., Lekander, M., Blom, K., Rydh, S., Ljótsson, B., Axelsson, J., & Kaldo, V. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-5 · Cited by 127
Sleep’s role in the development and resolution of adolescent depression
Gradisar, M., Kahn, M., Micic, G., Short, M. A., Reynolds, C. M., Orchard, F., Bauducco, S., Bartel, K., & Richardson, C. E. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00074-8 · Cited by 141
Management of chronic insomnia in elderly persons
Bain, K. T. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.06.006 · Cited by 119
Cortoos, A., Valck, E. D., Arns, M., BRETELER, M. H. M., & Cluydts, R. (2009) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9116-z · Cited by 111
“Cognitive hyperarousal, in turn, is characterised by intrusive and often negative cognitions close to bedtime (Robertson et al. 2007) and during sleep onset, as well as during periods of wakefulness during the night (Libman et al. 1997; Wicklow and Espie 2000; Harvey and Tang 2003).”
Crönlein, T., Langguth, B., Popp, R., Lukesch, H., Pieh, C., Hajak, G., & Geisler, P. (2013) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-65 · Cited by 109
Altering misperception of sleep in insomnia: Behavioral experiment versus verbal feedback.
Tang, N. K. Y., & Harvey, A. G. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.4.767 · Cited by 104
Forsell, E., Jernelöv, S., Blom, K., Kraepelien, M., Svanborg, C., Andersson, G., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18060699 · Cited by 100
Augedal, A. W., Hansen, K. S., Kronhaug, C. R., Harvey, A. G., & Pallesen, S. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.06.001 · Cited by 98
Self-citationMindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Persistent Insomnia: A Pilot Study
Heidenreich, T., Tuin, I., Pflug, B., Michal, M., & Michalak, J. (2006) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000091778 · Cited by 97
The Role of Acceptance and Mindfulness in the Treatment of Insomnia
Lundh, L.-G. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.19.1.29.66331 · Cited by 112
We know CBT-I works, now what?
Muench, A., Vargas, I., Grandner, M. A., Ellis, J. G., Posner, D. A., Bastien, C., Drummond, S. P. A., & Perlis, M. L. (2022) · Faculty Reviews · doi:10.12703/r/11-4 · Cited by 105
Hiller, R. M., Johnston, A., Dohnt, H., Lovato, N., & Gradisar, M. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.11.006 · Cited by 90
Sleep and circadian rhythms in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder
HARVEY, A. G., MULLIN, B. C., & HINSHAW, S. P. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940606055x · Cited by 88
“It can be effectively disseminated into the community and the effects endure to 24 months after the conclusion of the intervention ~for review, see Harvey & Tang, 2003!.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeurofeedback for Insomnia: A Pilot Study of Z-Score SMR and Individualized Protocols
Hammer, B., Colbert, A. P., Brown, K. A., & Ilioi, E. C. (2011) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-011-9165-y · Cited by 86
“Furthermore, all patients in this study achieved post-treatment normal sleep, whereas most patients receiving CBT for insomnia disorder do not become good sleepers, and the effect sizes are smaller than those treated with CBT for other conditions (Harvey and Tang 2003).”
BackgroundZakiei, A., Khazaie, H., Rostampour, M., Lemola, S., Esmaeili, M., Dürsteler, K., Brühl, A., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., & Brand, S. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11020133 · Cited by 84
“CBT interventions appeared to lead to medium [31] and clinically meaningful effect sizes [23], although risks of relapses were also reported [32].”
BackgroundJansson‐Fröjmark, M., & Linton, S. J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.003 · Cited by 84
van der Werf, Y. D., Altena, E., van Dijk, K. D., STRIJERS, R. L. M., Rijke, W. D., Stam, C. J., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.028 · Cited by 82
Overnight worsening of emotional distress indicates maladaptive sleep in insomnia
Wassing, R., Benjamins, J. S., Talamini, L. M., Schalkwijk, F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2019) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy268 · Cited by 78
“CBT-I works in about 70% of the cases, yet ameliorates complaints only by about 30% [10, 11].”
BackgroundNeurophysiological aspects of primary insomnia: Implications for its treatment
Cortoos, A., Verstraeten, E., & Cluydts, R. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2006.01.002 · Cited by 71
Hertenstein, E., Thiel, N., Lüking, M., Külz, A. K., Schramm, E., Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Riemann, D., & Nissen, C. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000365173 · Cited by 63
Woodley, J., & Smith, S. S. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.03.002 · Cited by 63
“Considerable research evidence suggests that dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and maladaptive coping behaviors are influential factors in maintaining insomnia [3,6–18].”
BackgroundSleep Disturbances in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review
Madsen, M. T., Huang, C., Zangger, G., Zwisler, A., & Gögenür, I. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7684 · Cited by 64
“79,80 Both non-pharmacological (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy 81 ) and pharmacological (eg, hypnotics) treatment options are possible C o p y r i g h t © A m e r i c a n A c a d e m y o f S l ee p M e d i c i n e limitation of the literature is the minority of studies including healthy controls,…”
Madsen, M. T., Hansen, M. V., Andersen, L. T., Hageman, I., Rasmussen, L. S., Bokmand, S., Rosenberg, J., & Gögenür, I. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5490 · Cited by 62
“17 The primary recommended treatment of insomnia in a healthy population is cognitive behavioural therapy, 18 which has also been investigated in patients with breast cancer. both during oncological treatment 19 and in breast cancer survivors.”
Cognitive factors and processes in models of insomnia: A systematic review
Tang, N. K. Y., Saconi, B., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Ong, J. C., & Carney, C. E. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13923 · Cited by 69
“…opinion leaders recommend exploring ways to maximise treatment outcomes, identifying pathways that mediate treatment effect, and addressing factors associated with non-response (Harvey & Tang, 2003; Kyle et al., 2013; Manber et al., 2015; Muench et al., 2022; Vitiello et al., 2013b, 2013a).”
BackgroundInternet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and insomnia in a higher education context
Morris, J., Firkins, A., Millings, A., Möhr, C., Redford, P., & Rowe, A. (2015) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1058924 · Cited by 60
“Meta-analyses have found CBT to be effective at treating anxiety (Morin et al., 2006; Norton & Price, 2007) and insomnia (Harvey & Tang, 2003; Okajima, Komada, & Inoue, 2011) in a range of populations.”
BackgroundDalrymple, K. L., Fiorentino, L., Politi, M. C., & Posner, D. (2010) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-010-9145-1 · Cited by 58
Palesh, O. G., Scheiber, C., Kesler, S. R., Janelsins, M. C., Guido, J. J., Heckler, C. E., Cases, M. G., Miller, J. M., Chrysson, N. G., & Mustian, K. M. (2018) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0154-2 · Cited by 60
Lichstein, K. L. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.08.005 · Cited by 55
The effect of physical exercise interventions on insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Riedel, A., Benz, F., Deibert, P., Barsch, F., Frase, L., Johann, A. F., Riemann, D. W., & Feige, B. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101948 · Cited by 55
Wei, Y., Leerssen, J., Wassing, R., Stoffers, D., Perrier, J., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12953 · Cited by 51
“Cognitive-behaviour therapy is effective in reducing symptoms but still leaves room for improvement (Harvey & Tang, 2003).”
BackgroundSánchez-Ortuño, M. M., & Edinger, J. D. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.10.003 · Cited by 52
“Whatever the mechanism of change is, it is a matter of fact that not all patients respond optimally to this form of treatment (Harvey & Tang, 2003; Morin, Culbert, & Schwartz, 1994).”
BackgroundIntensive Sleep Retraining treatment for chronic primary insomnia: a preliminary investigation
Harris, J. K., Lack, L. C., WRIGHT, H., Gradisar, M., & Brooks, A. K. (2007) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00595.x · Cited by 51
Madsen, M. T., Huang, C., & Gögenür, I. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.002 · Cited by 53
Chapoutot, M., Peter‐Derex, L., Schoendorff, B., Faivre, T., Bastuji, H., & Putois, B. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13199 · Cited by 47
Pillai, V., Cheng, P., Kalmbach, D. A., Roehrs, T., Roth, T. G., & Drake, C. L. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5636 · Cited by 49
Paulos-Guarnieri, L., Linares, I. M. P., & El Rafihi-Ferreira, R. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.11.001 · Cited by 48
Treatment of insomnia in older adults
Nau, S. D., McCrae, C. S., Cook, K. G., & Lichstein, K. L. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.008 · Cited by 50
Krakow, B., Melendrez, D., Sisley, B., Warner, T. D., Krakow, J., Leahigh, L., & Lee, S. (2006) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-005-0037-7 · Cited by 45
Self-help treatment for insomnia through television and book: A randomized trial
van Straten, A., Cuijpers, P. J., Smit, F., Spermon, M., & Verbeek, I. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.07.050 · Cited by 45
“It incorporates several components which are known to be effective in a face-to-face setting [8].”
BackgroundNonpharmacologic Therapy for Insomnia in the Elderly
Joshi, S. (2007) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.005 · Cited by 44
Pillai, V., Anderson, J. R., Cheng, P., Bazan, L. F., Bostock, S., Espie, C. A., Roth, T. G., & Drake, C. L. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 44
Harvey, A. G., Dong, L., Bélanger, L., & Morin, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000244 · Cited by 44
“Despite the impressive outcomes associated with CBT for insomnia, there is room for improvement (Buysse, 2013; Espie, Inglis, & Harvey, 2001; Harvey & Tang, 2003; Morin, Culbert, & Schwartz, 1994).”
van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Slottje, P., Bosmans, J. E., Someren, E. J. W. V., Reynolds, C. F., Cuijpers, P. J., & van Straten, A. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0783-z · Cited by 41
“Therefore, CBT-I is considered the preferred treatment for insomnia [17, 20, 25–30] and is recommended in several insomnia guidelines (e.”
BackgroundEl Rafihi-Ferreira, R., Morin, C. M., Toscanini, A. C., Lotufo Neto, F., Brasil, I. S., Gallinaro, J. G., Borges, D. S., Conway, S. G., & Hasan, R. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0947 · Cited by 46
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Sleep Disorders
Babson, K. A., Feldner, M. T., & Badour, C. L. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.011 · Cited by 37
New and Emerging Approaches to Better Define Sleep Disruption and Its Consequences
Lechat, B., Scott, H., Naik, G. R., Hansen, K. L., Nguyen, D. P., Vakulin, A., CATCHESIDE, P. G., & Eckert, D. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.751730 · Cited by 39
El Rafihi-Ferreira, R., Morin, C. M., Hasan, R., Brasil, I. S., Zago Ribeiro, J. H., & Cecília Toscanini, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2071272 · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, adherence to stimulus control and sleep restriction techniques is difficult for many individuals (Harvey & Tang, 2003).”
BackgroundInsomnia Subtypes Have Differentiating Deviations in Brain Structural Connectivity
Bresser, T., Blanken, T. F., de Lange, S. C., Leerssen, J., Foster‐Dingley, J. C., Lakbila‐Kamal, O., Wassing, R., Ramautar, J. R., Stoffers, D., van den Heuvel, M. P., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.06.014 · Cited by 33
Auricular Acupuncture and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia: A Randomised Controlled Study
Bergdahl, L., Broman, J., Berman, A. H., Haglund, K., von Knorring, L., & Markström, A. (2016) · Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1155/2016/7057282 · Cited by 30
“According to a review by Harvey and Tang [15] CBT seemed less effective for treating insomnia disorder compared to treating other psychological disorders.”
BackgroundGreen, A., Hicks, J., & Wilson, S. J. (2008) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/030802260807100506 · Cited by 30
Wong, M. Y., Ree, M. J., & Lee, C. W. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1980 · Cited by 30
Selecting a pharmacotherapy regimen for patients with chronic insomnia
Hassinger, A. B., Bletnisky, N., Dudekula, R., & El-Solh, A. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1743265 · Cited by 34
“In addition, CBT drop-out rates range from 22% to 30% [24].”
BackgroundInternet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Luik, A. I., & van Straten, A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.001 · Cited by 30
Dekker, K., Benjamins, J. S., Maksimovic, T., Filardi, M., Hofman, W. F., van Straten, A., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000503570 · Cited by 29
Nødtvedt, Ø. O., Hansen, A. L., Bjorvatn, B., & Pallesen, S. (2017) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-017-0095-9 · Cited by 27
Worry about COVID‐19 as a predictor of future insomnia
Brown, L. A., Hamlett, G. E., Zhu, Y., Wiley, J. F., Moore, T. M., DiDomenico, G. E., Visoki, E., Greenberg, D. M., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13564 · Cited by 24
“This series of findings has implications for cognitive behavioural therapy, an evidence- based treatment for chronic worry (Covin, Ouimet, Seeds, & Dozois, 2008) that also results in significant improvements in insomnia symptoms (Harvey & Tang, 2003).”
BackgroundComplementary and alternative treatments for insomnia disorder: a systematic umbrella review
Ell, J., Schmid, S. R., Benz, F., & Spille, L. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13979 · Cited by 28
“First, studies suggest that around 20% – 40% of patients with insomnia disorder do not respond to CBT-I or may experience only partial improvement (Harvey & Tang, 2003; Morin et al., 2020; Morin & Benca, 2012), so this subgroup could profit from alternative treatments.”
BackgroundVargas, I., Egeler, M. E., Walker, J. L., & Benitez, D. E. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1279903 · Cited by 25
“CBT-I is a behavioral intervention that is highly efficacious (Morin et al., 1994; Smith et al., 2002; Harvey and Tang, 2003; Irwin et al., 2006; Mitchell et al., 2012; Koffel et al., 2015; Seyffert et al., 2016) and has been named the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia (Schutte-Rodin et al.,…”
When research leads to learning, but not action in high performance sport
ROSS, E. Z., Gupta, L., & Sanders, L. (2018) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.001 · Cited by 27
Candidate Cognitive Processes in Psychophysiologic Insomnia
Broomfield, N. M., Gumley, A. I., & Espie, C. A. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.19.1.5.66328 · Cited by 23
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Lind, M., & Sunnhed, R. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02018.x · Cited by 22
Combined Insomnia and Poor CPAP Compliance: A Case Study and Discussion
Wickwire, E. M., Schumacher, J. A., Richert, A. C., Sinan Baran, A., & Roffwarg, H. P. (2008) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650107309187 · Cited by 21
“Yet the effect size for CBT-I, although moderate, is lower when compared to the treatments for other psychological disorders, suggesting that current CBT-I protocols are not yet maximally effective (Harvey & Tang, 2003).”
ResultNHG-Standaard Slaapproblemen en slaapmiddelen
Neven, A. K., Lucassen, P. L., Bonsema, K., Teunissen, H., Verduijn, M. M., & Bouma, M. (2009) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-6614-9_30 · Cited by 21
Management of insomnia in older adults
Sivertsen, B., & Nordhus, I. H. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.031278 · Cited by 21
“Future research should attempt to identify the mechanisms and specific processes involved in the development and maintenance of insomnia, as this condition is typically maintained by a range of cognitive processes regardless of any original trigger (Harvey & Tang, 2003).”
BackgroundBlampied, N. M., & Bootzin, R. R. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13938-017 · Cited by 21
Ruan, J., Chen, S., Liang, J., Mak, Y. W., Yee Ho, F. Y., Chung, K. F., Kwun Tong, A. K., Zhang, X. L., & Yeung, W. F. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.09.002 · Cited by 20
What predicts patients’ perceptions of improvement in insomnia?
Vincent, N., PENNER, S., & Lewycky, S. T. (2006) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00529.x · Cited by 19
“…therapy, stimulus control, sleep hygiene, relaxation training, and hypnotic medication withdrawal are considered to reflect the state of the art treatment for insomnia, we may have a ways to go in terms of improving the effectiveness of treatment (see Harvey and Tang, 2003 for a similar view).”
BackgroundHormone replacement therapy in menopausal women: Past problems and future possibilities
Schmidt, J. W., Wollner, D. A., Curcio, J. J., Riedlinger, J. E., & Kim, L. S. (2006) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590600927017 · Cited by 18
“Non-drug alternatives such as behavior modification may successfully mitigate some vasomotor symptoms and correct sleep patterns for some women [8].”
BackgroundTowards quantitative cutoffs for insomnia: how current diagnostic criteria mischaracterize remission
Pillai, V., Roth, T. G., & Drake, C. L. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.01.013 · Cited by 19
“The emergence of safe and effective behavioral [28] and pharmacological [29] treatments further justifies casting a wide net to capture this debilitating disorder.”
BackgroundCBT-I Cannot Rest Until the Sleepy Teen Can
Gradisar, M., & Richardson, C. E. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5220 · Cited by 18
Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus-related insomnia: evaluating a new treatment approach
Marks, E. M., McKenna, L., & Vogt, F. (2019) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2018.1547927 · Cited by 14
“Meta-analyses tend to report effect sizes as greater for SOL than TST (e.g. Harvey & Tang, 2003), and single RCTs of CBTi for illness-related insomnia report significant improvements in SE, SOL and WASO, but non-significant increases in TST (e.g. Improvement was also seen in anxiety and depression,…”
BackgroundMethodInternet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
van der Zweerde, T., Lancee, J., Luik, A. I., & van Straten, A. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.04.002 · Cited by 14
Zakiei, A., & Khazaie, H. (2019) · Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine · doi:10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2019.74745 · Cited by 15
“However, the results of a meta-analysis show that the effect size of CBT on insomnia is moderate, which is lower than the effect size of CBT on other mental disorders (5).”
Leerssen, J., Foster‐Dingley, J. C., Lakbila‐Kamal, O., Dekkers, L. M. S., Albers, A. C. W., Ikelaar, S. L. C., Maksimovic, T., Wassing, R., Houtman, S. J., Bresser, T., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02554-8 · Cited by 14
Zakiei, A., Korani, D., Sahraei, Z., Rostampour, M., & Khazaie, H. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.006 · Cited by 11
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Lundquist, D., Lundquist, N., & Linton, S. J. (2007) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910706x173016 · Cited by 11
Sleep dysfunction in women and its management
Lee, K. A. (2006) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-006-0027-5 · Cited by 11
Daytime autonomic nervous system functions differ among adults with and without insomnia symptoms
McCall, W. V., Looney, S. W., Zulfiqar, M., Ketcham, E., Jones, M., Mixson, C., McCloud, L., Miller, B. J., & Rosenquist, P. B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10704 · Cited by 11
Zakiei, A., Khazaie, H., Rostampour, M., Moradi, M.-T., Rezaie, L., Komasi, S., & Rafihi-Ferreira, R. E. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00293-w · Cited by 10
Bravo, B. N., Martínez, I. P., Hidalgo, J. D. L.-T., Pretel, F. A., & Rabanales-Sotos, J. (2014) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.31.1.168641 · Cited by 10
“In the last 20 years several meta-analyses and reviews have been published on results from psychological interventions in their different formats for the treatment of sleep problems (Morin, Culbert and Schwartz, 1994; Murtagh and Greenwood, 1995; Harvey and Tang, 2003; Irwin, Cole and Nicassio, 2006; Van Straten and C…”
BackgroundExercise as an Adjunct Treatment to Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia
Passos, G. S., Youngstedt, S. D., & Santana, M. G. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.09.001 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Harvey, A. G., & Tang, N. K. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237-262
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171860213
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, primary insomnia, chronic insomnia, treatment effectiveness, effect size
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
