Potential cytotoxic effect of chronic administration of creatine, a nutrition supplement to augment athletic performance
Abstract
Creatine is alleged to be an ergogenic aid to enhance sports performance and recently became a popular sports nutrition supplement. Although short-term supplementation of creatine has not been associated with major health risks, the safety of prolonged use has caused some concern. The present study demonstrates that creatine is metabolized to methylamine, which is further converted to formaldehyde by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). Formaldehyde is well known to cross-link proteins and DNAs, and known to be a major environmental risk factor. SSAO-mediated production of toxic aldehydes has been recently proposed to be related to pathological conditions such as vascular damage, diabetic complications, nephropathy, etc. Chronic administration of a large quantity of creatine can increase the production of formaldehyde, which may potentially cause serious unwanted side-effects.
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High doses of creatine may lead to cytotoxicity by formaldehyde production.
“Nevertheless, high doses of creatine may lead to cytotoxicity by formaldehyde production [89].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
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- Authors
- Yu, P. H., & Deng, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Saskatchewan (CA)
- Venue
- Medical Hypotheses
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 726-728
- ISSN
- 0306-9877 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1975061946
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medical Hypotheses (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Keywords
- creatine, ergogenic aids, sports supplements, chronic supplementation, cytotoxicity, methylamine, formaldehyde, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, aldehyde toxicity, DNA cross-linking, protein cross-linking, supplement safety
- MeSH terms
- Creatine, Humans, Sports, Dietary Supplements
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