Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Activity in Healthy Subjects by Immulina®, a Spirulina Extract Enriched for Braun-Type Lipoproteins
Abstract
Immulina®, a commercial extract of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is a potent activator of THP-1 monocytes and CD4+ T cells IN VITRO and enhances several immunological functions in mice. We further characterized Immulina® by determining that Braun-type lipoproteins are responsible for a major portion of the IN VITRO monocyte activation exhibited by this material. In order to understand the effect of Immulina® on NK cell activity, a pilot study was conducted on ten healthy North American individuals who supplemented their diet with Immulina® (400 mg/day) for seven days. We observed a 40% average increase in the killing of K562 tumor cells by NK cells (p < 0.01) after Immulina® supplementation. In a separate placebo-controlled, crossover study involving 11 healthy Danish subjects, we observed increased mRNA expression of the NK cell marker NKG2D by 37% (p = 0.02) and by 55% (p = 0.0003) after administration of Immulina® (200 mg and 400 mg per day, respectively) for seven days. The mRNA expression of the NK- and T-cell marker perforin increased by 75% (p = 0.008) after administration of 400 mg Immulina® per day. Both markers displayed significant dose-dependent effects (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.02, respectively). The ratio between CD56 (bright) and CD56 (dim) NK cells was not affected by Immulina® administration. In summary, two independent studies showed enhancement of NK cell activity following administration of Immulina® for seven days.
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Spirulina supplements seem to affect innate immunity more effectively, promoting the activity of natural killer cells.
“Spirulina supplements seem to affect more effectively the innate immunity, promoting the activity of natural killer cells.”
From Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly <i>Spirulina</i> (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
Unchanged NK, NKT, and T cells were found after Spirulina consumption in healthy subjects.
“Unchanged NK, NKT, and T cells were found after Spirulina consumption in healthy subjects [96].”
From Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly <i>Spirulina</i> (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
NK cytotoxic activity increased after both 7 days and 8 weeks of Spirulina or Spirulina-derived Immulina supplementation.
“NK cytotoxic activity increased after both 7 days [96] and 8 weeks [94] of Spirulina or Spirulina-derived Immulina supplementation”
From Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly <i>Spirulina</i> (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Nielsen, C., Balachandran, P., Christensen, O., Pugh, N., Tamta, H., Sufka, K., Wu, X., Walsted, A., Schjørring-Thyssen, M., Enevold, C., & Pasco, D.
- Affiliations
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Venue
- Planta Medica
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2010-06-17
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1802-1808
- ISSN
- 0032-0943 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0221
- OpenAlex
- W2147535816
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Planta Medica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, Arthrospira, natural killer cells, NK cell cytotoxicity, dietary supplementation, NKG2D, perforin, monocyte activation, CD4+ T cells, dose-dependent effects
- MeSH terms
- Adjuvants, Immunologic, Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute, Female, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Lipoproteins, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Phytotherapy, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Plant Extracts, Reference Values, RNA, Messenger, T-Lymphocytes, Biomarkers, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Supplements, Cell Line, Tumor, Spirulina, Perforin, NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K, Young Adult
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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