Isolation of Three High Molecular Weight Polysaccharide Preparations with Potent Immunostimulatory Activity from Spirulina platensis,Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Abstract
This research describes the identification of three new high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations isolated from food-grade microalgae that are potent activators of human monocytes/macrophages: "Immulina" from Spirulina platensis, "Immunon" from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and "Immurella" from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. These polysaccharides are structurally complex and have estimated molecular weights above ten million daltons. All three polysaccharides are highly water soluble and comprise between 0.5 % and 2.0 % of microalgal dry weight. Immunostimulatory activity was measured using a transcription factor-based bioassay for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages. Using this system the EC(50) values for these microalgal polysaccharides are between 20 and 110 ng/ml (about 10pM). THP-1 activation was confirmed by measuring immune cytokine mRNA induction using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Each polysaccharide substantially increased mRNA levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These polysaccharides are between one hundred and one thousand times more active for in vitro monocyte activation than polysaccharide preparations that are currently used clinically for cancer immunotherapy.
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A study in Denmark on experimental animals and humans testified that Immulina was highly active against Candida albicans and tetanus.
“A study in Denmark on experimental animals and humans testified that Immulina was highly active against Candida albicans and tetanus [76].”
From Application of Arthrospira platensis for Medicinal Purposes and the Food Industry: A Review of the Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
Immulina has immunostimulatory activity and increases IL-1β and TNF-α expression by inducing NF-kappa B pathway.
“the high molecular weight polysaccharide Immulina has been reported have immunostimulatory activity [70–72] and increased IL-1β and TNF-α expression by inducing NF-kappa B pathway [72].”
From Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial‐Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly <i>Spirulina</i> (2017) · cites this paper as [70]
High molecular weight polysaccharides from the fresh water Spirulina platensis and related species were between one hundred and one thousand times more immuno-active than polysaccharide preparations from other biological sources that are used clinically for cancer immunotherapy.
“High molecular weight polysaccharides from the fresh water Spirulina platensis and related species [120] were between one hundred and one thousand times more immuno-active than polysaccharide preparations from other biological sources that are used clinically for cancer immunotherapy.”
From Anticancer and Cancer Preventive Properties of Marine Polysaccharides: Some Results and Prospects (2013) · cites this paper as [120]
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Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of algal-mediated silver and gold nanoparticles
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Evaluation of antioxidant properties of marine microalga Chlorella marina (Butcher, 1952)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Pugh, N., Ross, S., ElSohly, H., ElSohly, M., & Pasco*, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Venue
- Planta Medica
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 08
- Pages
- 737-742
- ISSN
- 0032-0943 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0221
- OpenAlex
- W2091116978
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Planta Medica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Fungal Biology and Applications
- Keywords
- high molecular weight polysaccharides, immune enhancement, microalgae, Spirulina platensis, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, monocyte/macrophage activation, NF-κB activation, THP-1 cells, IL-1β, TNF-α, cancer immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adjuvants, Immunologic, Cyanobacteria, Chlorella, Humans, Interleukin-1, Macrophages, Molecular Weight, Monocytes, Polysaccharides, Polysaccharides, Bacterial, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, NF-kappa B, Plant Preparations
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