The Effects of Calcium, Vitamins D and K co-Supplementation on Markers of Insulin Metabolism and Lipid Profiles in Vitamin D-Deficient Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Abstract
Data on the effects of calcium, vitamins D and K co-supplementation on markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles among vitamin D-deficient women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are scarce. This study was done to determine the effects of calcium, vitamins D and K co-supplementation on markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles in vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS. This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 55 vitamin D-deficient women diagnosed with PCOS aged 18-40 years old. Subjects were randomly assigned into 2 groups to intake either 500 mg calcium, 200 IU vitamin D and 90 µg vitamin K supplements (n=28) or placebo (n=27) twice a day for 8 weeks. After the 8-week intervention, compared with the placebo, joint calcium, vitamins D and K supplementation resulted in significant decreases in serum insulin concentrations (-1.9±3.5 vs. +1.8±6.6 µIU/mL, P=0.01), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (-0.4±0.7 vs. +0.4±1.4, P=0.01), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated b cell function (-7.9±14.7 vs. +7.0±30.3, P=0.02) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.01±0.01 vs. -0.008±0.03, P=0.01). In addition, significant decreases in serum triglycerides (-23.4±71.3 vs. +9.9±39.5 mg/dL, P=0.03) and VLDL-cholesterol levels (-4.7±14.3 vs. +2.0±7.9 mg/dL, P=0.03) was observed following supplementation with combined calcium, vitamins D and K compared with the placebo. Overall, calcium, vitamins D and K co-supplementation for 8 weeks among vitamin D-deficient women with PCOS had beneficial effects on markers of insulin metabolism, serum triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol levels.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Vitamin D supplementation improves reproductive function in women with PCOS.
“Also, vitamin D supplementation has been reported to improve reproductive function in women with PCOS.”
From PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
Cites
(2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004 · Cited by 9,050 · see citing works
Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton
Lee, N. K., Sowa, H., Hinoi, E., Ferron, M., Ahn, J. D., Confavreux, C., Dacquin, R., Mee, P. J., McKee, M. D., Jung, D. Y., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047 · Cited by 2,554 · see citing works
Men at risk: occupation and male infertility.
Claman, P. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)01188-9 · Cited by 2,219 · see citing works
Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events
Hsia, J. A., HEISS, G. M., Ren, H., Allison, M., Dolan, N. C., Greenland, P., Heckbert, S. R., Johnson, K., Manson, J. E., Sidney, S., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.673491 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Pittas, A. G., Harris, S. S., Stark, P. C., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1994 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Legro, R. S., Kunselman, A. R., & Dunaif, A. (2001) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00948-2 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
DeUgarte, C. M., Bartolucci, A. A., & Azziz, R. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.070 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a premature association?
Legro, R. S. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0004 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Vitamin D and metabolic health with special reference to the effect of vitamin D on serum lipids
Jorde, R., & Grimnes, G. (2011) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2011.05.001 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Kayaniyil, S., Vieth, R., Retnakaran, R. R., Knight, J. A., Qi, Y., Gerstein, H. C., Perkins, B. A., Harris, S. B., Zinman, B., & Hanley, A. J. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-2321 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Limitations in the Use of Indices Using Glucose and Insulin Levels to Predict Insulin Sensitivity
Pisprasert, V., Ingram, K. H., Lopez-Davila, M. F., Munoz, A. J., & Garvey, W. T. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0840 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Transcriptional activation of the human insulin receptor gene by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D 3
Maestro, B., Molero, S., Bajo, S. A., Dávila, N., & Calle, C. (2002) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.951 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Major, G. C., Alarie, F. P., Doré, J., Phouttama, S., & Tremblay, A. (2007) · PubMed · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.54 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Sergeev, I. N., & Rhoten, W. B. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.7.7789310 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Insulin Resistance in Older Men and Women
Yoshida, M., Jacques, P. F., Meigs, J. B., Saltzman, E., Shea, M. K., Gundberg, C., Dawson-Hughes, B., Dallal, G., & Booth, S. L. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1204 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Vagi, S. J., Azziz‐Baumgartner, E., Sjödin, A., Calafat, A. M., Dumesic, D. A., Gonzalez, L., Kato, K., Silva, M. J., Ye, X., & Azziz, R. (2014) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-14-86 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Gagnon, C., Daly, R. M., Carpentier, A. C., Lu, Z. X., Shore‐Lorenti, C., Sikaris, K. A., Jean, S., & Ebeling, P. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109607 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress in PCOS
Μacut, D., Bjekić-Macut, J., & Savic-Radojevic, A. R. (2012) · Frontiers of hormone research · doi:10.1159/000341683 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Asemi, Z., Foroozanfard, F., Hashemi, T., Bahmani, F., Jamilian, M., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.015 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Therapeutic implications of vitamin D and calcium in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Pal, L., Berry, A., Coraluzzi, L., Kustan, E., Danton, C., Shaw, J., & Taylor, H. S. (2012) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.696753 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Reddi, K., Henderson, B. E., Meghji, S., Wilson, M., Poole, S., Hopper, C., Harris, M., & Hodges, S. J. (1995) · Cytokine · doi:10.1006/cyto.1995.0034 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Vitamin D Status in Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes in Septuagenarians
Dalgård, C., Petersen, M. S., Weihe, P., & Grandjean, P. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2084 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Wehr, E., Pieber, T. R., & Obermayer-Pietsch, B. M. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.3275/7748 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Cho, H.-J., Kang, H.-C., Choi, S.-A., Ju, Y.-C., Lee, H.-S., & Park, H.-J. (2005) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.28.1418 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cholesterol Metabolism Is Affected by Calcium Phosphate Supplementation in Humans
Ditscheid, B., Keller, S., & Jahreis, G. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.7.1678 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Irani, M., Seifer, D. B., Grazi, R. V., Julka, N., Bhatt, D., Kalgi, B., Irani, S., Tal, O., Lambert-Messerlian, G. M., & Tal, R. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2580 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Rajpathak, S. N., Xue, X., Wassertheil-Smoller, S. W., Horn, L. V., Robinson, J. G., Liu, S., Allison, M., Martin, L. W., Ho, G. Y. F., & Rohan, T. E. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28579 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Chakraborty, P., Ghosh, S., Goswami, S. K., Kabir, S. N., Chakravarty, B., & Jana, K. (2013) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-012-9592-5 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tabesh, M., Azadbakht, L., Faghihimani, E., Tabesh, M., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3313-x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Circulating Lipids
Reid, I. R. (2004) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200421010-00002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Inhibition of apolipoprotein AI gene expression by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
Wehmeier, K. R., Beers, A., Haas, M. J., Wong, N. C. W., Steinmeyer, A., Zügel, U., & Mooradian, A. D. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.09.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jamilian, M., Foroozanfard, F., Bahmani, F., Talaee, R., Monavari, M., & Asemi, Z. (2015) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-015-0480-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Garg, G., Kachhawa, G., Ramot, R., Khadgawat, R., Tandon, N., Sreenivas, V. K., Kriplani, A., & Gupta, N. (2015) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-15-0001 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Updates on the myo-inositol plus D-chiro-inositol combined therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome
Unfer, V., & Porcaro, G. (2014) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.925795 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Tomlinson, J., Millward, A., Stenhouse, E., & Pinkney, J. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02994.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Vitamin D deficiency in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Kim, J., Choi, Y. M., Chae, S. J., Hwang, K. R., Yoon, S. H., Kim, M.-J., Kim, S. M., Ku, S., Kim, S. H., & Kim, J. G. (2014) · Daehan saengsik uihak hoeji/Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · doi:10.5653/cerm.2014.41.2.80 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cassar, S., Teede, H. J., Harrison, C. L., Joham, A. E., Moran, L., & Stepto, N. K. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12619 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tehrani, H. G., Mostajeran, F., & Shahsavari, S. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Asemi, Z., Raygan, F., Bahmani, F., Rezavandi, Z., Talari, H. R., Rafiee, M., Poladchang, S., Mofrad, M. D., Taheri, S., Mohammadi, A. A., et al. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516001847 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Özler, S., Öztaş, E., Tokmak, A., Ergin, M., İşçi, E., Eren, F. K., Pehlivan, S., Neşeli̇oğlu, S., & Yılmaz, N. (2015) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12965 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dhesi, A. S., Murtough, K. L., Lim, J. K., Schulkin, J. A., McGovern, P. G., Power, M. L., & Morelli, S. S. (2016) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.043 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Approach in Diagnosing the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Pasquali, R., & Gambineri, A. (2015) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.15.13 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels are related to hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome
Güdücü, N., Görmüş, U., Kutay, S. S., Kavak, Z. N., & Dunder, I. (2014) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2014.910189 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nutritional Supplements and Complementary Therapies in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Alesi, S., Ee, C., Moran, L., Rao, V. S., & Mousa, A. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab141 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
van Ballegooijen, A. J., Pilz, S., Tomaschitz, A., Grübler, M. R., & Verheyen, N. (2017) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2017/7454376 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Łagowska, K., Bajerska, J., & Jamka, M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111637 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
PCOS and nutritional approaches: Differences between lean and obese phenotype
Barrea, L., Frias-Toral, E., Verde, L., Ceriani, F., Cucalón, G., Garcia-Velasquez, E., Moretti, D., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2021) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2021.100123 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Immunophenotypic Profiles in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Hu, C., Pang, B., Ma, Z., & Yi, H. (2020) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2020/5894768 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Vitamin D deficiency causes insulin resistance by provoking oxidative stress in hepatocytes
Tao, S., Yuan, Q., Mao, L., Chen, F., Ji, F., & Cui, Z. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18754 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity: clinical aspects and nutritional management
Frías-Toral, E., Garcia-Velasquez, E., Carignano, M. D. L. A., Veintimilla, D. R., ALVARADO-AGUILERA, I., & Litardo, N. B. (2021) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03349-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tarkesh, F., Jahromi, B. N., Hejazi, N., & Tabatabaee, H. (2020) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.1837 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sakak, F. R., Moslehi, N., Niroomand, M., & Mirmiran, P. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02419-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pieńkowska, A., Janicka, J., Duda, M., Dzwonnik, K., Lip, K., Mędza, A., Szlagatys‐Sidorkiewicz, A., & Brzeziński, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15040983 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Green strength: The role of micronutrients in plant-based diets for athletic performance enhancement
Ayaz, A., Zaman, W., Radak, Z. O., & Gu, Y. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32803 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Guo, X., Ma, S., Ma, H., Li, H., Wang, Y., Qin, Z., Wu, X., Han, Y., & Han, Y. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/6678398 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Li, P., Chang, X., Fan, X., Fan, C., Tang, T., Wang, R., & Qi, K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34520-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
He, J., Deng, R., Wei, Y., Zhang, S., Su, M., Tang, M., Wang, J., Nong, W., & Lei, X. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo02824k · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zhao, G., Fan, Y., Li, R., Huang, Y. S., Li, W., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., & He, J. (2025) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-025-01409-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Insulin resistance in vitamin D-deficient mice is alleviated by n-acetylcysteine
Cui, Z., Yuan, Q., Mao, L., Chen, F., Ji, F., & Tao, S. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18793 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Luo, J., Li, T., & Yuan, J. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-20-2492 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bourron, O., & Phan, F. (2018) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000541 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Njike, V. Y., Costales, V. C., Petraro, P., Annam, R., Yarandi, N., & Katz, D. L. (2018) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117118791120 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wu, B., & Yao, J. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000046892 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, W.-J., Chen, K.-H., Huang, L., Tsai, Y.-L., & Seow, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.816480 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Shi, X., Yao, J., Fan, S., Hong, P.-P., Xia, Y., & Qiu, C. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000020621 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Vitamin D metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Bari, F. D., & Benvenga, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823045-9.00004-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vitamin K as an Endocrine Modulator: Mechanistic Links to Glucose Metabolism and Beyond
Matuszewski, W., Madeksza, M., Szklarz, M., Rutkiewicz, A., Rutkowska, J., & Harazny, J. M. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18081183 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Osteoporose bei Typ-1-und Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus
SCHARLA, S. H. (2017) · Arthritis und Rheuma · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1624236 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Raheem, N. M., & Marouf, B. H. (2022) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.54133/ajms.v2i.53 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ЗВ'ЯЗОК ЛІПІДІВ КРОВІ ЗІ СТАТУСОМ ВІТАМІНУ D У ДІВЧАТ-ПІДЛІТКІВ З ОЛІГОМЕНОРЕЄЮ
Диннік, В. О., Диннік, О. О., & Дружиніна, А. (2022) · PROBLEMS OF ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY · doi:10.21856/j-pep.2022.2.01 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Andres-Montenegro, N., Molina-Gutierrez, S., & Murillo, O. I. N. (2025) · Bionatura journal : · doi:10.70099/bj/2025.02.02.13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vitamin D supplementation among Polish medical university students: a cross-sectional study
Kamiński, M., Pankowska, M. M., Wolska, M., Uruska, A. A., & Zozulińska‐Ziółkiewicz, D. (2018) · Medical Research Journal · doi:10.5603/mrj.a2020.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amer, W. M., & Alnoury, H. (2023) · Evidence Based Women s Health Journal · doi:10.21608/ebwhj.2021.76595.1137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Osteoporose bei Typ-1- und Typ-2-Diabetes
SCHARLA, S. H. (2018) · Diabetes aktuell · doi:10.1055/a-0635-7959
Andriana, A., Hadisaputro, S., & Santjaka, A. (2022) · Amalee Indonesian Journal of Community Research and Engagement · doi:10.37680/amalee.v3i2.2759
Bhattacharyya, S., Barik, S., Gupta, S., Goswami, U., Samashaptak, F., & Saha, S. (2026) · Indian Journal of Perinatology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.5005/ijoparb-11057-0015
Mishra, P., & Nanda, A. (2021) · Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.46243/jst.2021.v6.i04.pp216-226
- Authors
- Karamali, M., Ashrafi, M., Razavi, M., Jamilian, M., Akbari, M., & Asemi, Z.
- Affiliations
- Iran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Arak University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Shiraz University (IR)
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2017-04-13
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 05
- Pages
- 316-321
- ISSN
- 0947-7349 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3646
- OpenAlex
- W2605663570
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin K Research Studies
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, vitamin D deficiency, calcium supplementation, vitamin D supplementation, vitamin K supplementation, insulin resistance, insulin metabolism, beta-cell function, triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, lipid profile, women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Calcium, Female, Humans, Lipids, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Vitamin K
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
