Cited by 1,101Smoking Behavior and CessationBlood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesReceptor Mechanisms and Signaling

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Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Release and Adrenergic Mediation of Smoking-Associated Hemodynamic and Metabolic Events

Cryer, Philip E., Haymond, Morey W., Santiago, Julio V., Shah, Suresh D.·1976·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejm197609092951101

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Abstract

We studied the effects of cigarette smoking, sham smoking and smoking during adrenergic blockade in 10 subjects to determine whether smoking released the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine, as well as the adrenomedullary hormone epinephrine, and whether smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic changes were mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. Smoking-associated increments in mean (+/- S.E.M.) plasma norepinephrine (227 +/- 23 to 324 +/- 39 pg per milliliter, P less than 0.01) and epinephrine (44 +/- to 113 +/- 27 pg per milliliter, P less than 0.05) were demonstrated. Smoking-associated increments in pulse rate, blood pressure, blood glycerol and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio were prevented by adrenergic blockade; increments in plasma growth hormone and cortisol were not. Since significant smoking-associated increments, in pulse rate, blood pressure and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio, preceded measurable increments in plasma catecholamine concentrations, but were adrenergically mediated, these changes should be attributed to norepinephrine released locally from adrenergic axon terminals within the tissues rather than to increments in circulating catecholamines.

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Background
Nonpharmacologic therapy for hypertension: Does it really work?
Tejada, T., Fornoni, A., Lenz, O., & Materson, B. J. (2006) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-006-0099-6 · Cited by 22
“Nicotine has been shown to increase blood pressure by activation of the sympatho-adrenal system, affecting both peripheral vascular resistance and heart rate, either through increased levels of circulating catecholamines and corticosteroids [40], or due to local release of norepinephrine from adrenergic axon terminals…”
Background
Plasma nicotine concentration and the white blood cell count in smokers.
Taylor, R. G., Woodman, G., & Clarke, S. W. (1986) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.41.5.407 · Cited by 21
Are current smokers paradoxically protected against atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery?
Mariscalco, G., & Engström, K. G. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn011 · Cited by 21
Effects of Smoking on Coronary Blood Flow Velocity and Coronary Flow Reserve Assessed by Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography
Park, S., Shim, W., Song, W.-H., et al. (2006) · Echocardiography · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2006.00242.x · Cited by 21
Fish oil may be an antidote for the cardiovascular risk of smoking
McCarty, M. F. (1996) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90183-8 · Cited by 21
Gas chromatographic profiling analysis of urinary organic acids from nonsmokers and smokers
Kim, K., Kim, J.-H., Jeong, D.-H., et al. (1997) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00358-7 · Cited by 21
Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine as factors in pregnancy
Weathersbee, P. S., & Lodge, J. R. (1979) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.1979.11715254 · Cited by 21
Nicotine: does it have a role in the treatment of skin disease?
Ingram, J. R. (2009) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.2008.073577 · Cited by 20
Blood pressure prevalences and levels for a multicultural population in Auckland, New Zealand: results from the Diabetes, Heart and Health Survey 2002/2003.
Gentles, D., Metcalf, P., Dyall, L., et al. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 20
Lifestyle Practices and Obesity in Nepalese Youth: A Cross-sectional Study
Nepal, G., Tuladhar, E. T., Dahal, S., Ahamad, S. T., Adhikari, S., & Kandel, A. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.2209 · Cited by 22
Decreased coronary heart disease in hypertensive smokers. Mortality results from the MAPHY study.
Tuomilehto, J., Wikstrand, J., Olsson, G., et al. (1989) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.13.6.773 · Cited by 20
Effect of nicotine on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells
Booyse, F. M., Osikowicz, G., & Radek, J. T. (1981) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/0049-3848(81)90249-8 · Cited by 20
Catecholamine Measurement in Behavioral Research
Ziegler, M. G. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0906-0_11 · Cited by 20
The Effect of Electronic Cigarettes on Hand Microcirculation
Pywell, M. J., Wordsworth, M. J., Kwasnicki, R. M., et al. (2018) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.12.003 · Cited by 19
Effects of moderate smoking on the central visual field
Akarsu, C., Yazıcı, B., Taner, P., et al. (2004) · Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1395-3907.2004.00301.x · Cited by 19
Decreased blood flow but unaltered insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle of chronic smokers
Rönnemaa, E., Rönnemaa, T., Utriainen, T., Raitakari, M., Laine, H. K., Takala, T., Pitkänen, O., Kirvelä, O., Knuuti, J. M., & Nuutila, P. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90041-0 · Cited by 19
Tolerance to nicotine-induced sympathoadrenal stimulation and cross-tolerance to stress: Differential central and peripheral mechanisms in rats
Kiritsy‐Roy, J. A., Mousa, S. A., Appel, N. M., & Loon, G. R. V. (1990) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(90)90071-x · Cited by 19
A trial of dipyridamole and aspirin in the prevention of smoking-induced changes in platelets and endothelium in men with coronary artery disease
Davis, J. W., Hartman, C. R., Shelton, L., & Ruttinger, H. A. (1989) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)90006-4 · Cited by 19
Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity and Gene Expression Are Increased by Intraventricular Administration of Nicotine
Sterling, C. R., & Tank, A. W. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)29657-9 · Cited by 19
“Cigarette smoking stimulates the release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla and sympathetic neurons, leading to increased blood pressure and pulse rate (Cryer et al., 1976).”
NICOTINE AND STRESS: EFFECT ON SEX HORMONES AND LIPID PROFILE IN FEMALE RATS
Mohsen, M. M. A. E., Fahim, A. T., Motawi, T. K., & ISMAIL, N. A. (1997) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1006/phrs.1996.0115 · Cited by 19
Plasma Levels of Catecholamines and Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase
Kopin, I. J. (1989) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73551-6_6 · Cited by 19
Cigarette Smoking, Weight Gain, and Coronary Mortality
Fulton, J. E., & Shekelle, R. B. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.5.1438 · Cited by 19
Clarification of risk-benefit issues in rapid smoking.
Sachs, D. P. L., Hall, R. G., Pechacek, T. F., & FitzGerald, J. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.47.6.1053 · Cited by 19
Long-term cigarette smoking is associated with increased myocardial perfusion heterogeneity assessed by positron emission tomography
Meeder, J. G., Blanksma, P. K., van der Wall, E. E., et al. (1996) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/bf01254465 · Cited by 19
“In order to avoid the acute effects of caffeine, physical activity and smoking, all subjects refrained from ingesting caffeinated beverages for 24 h [16] and from exertions and smoking cigarettes for 3 h before the study [17, 18].”
Method
Pressor Responses from Noncardioselective Beta-Blockers
Cleophas, T. J., & Kauw, F. H. W. (1988) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/000331978803900706 · Cited by 19
Effectiveness of quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes in China: findings from the Shanghai Integration Model (SIM)
Cai, C., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Shi, Y., Zou, H., Bao, Y., Shen, Y., Cui, X., Fu, C., Jia, W., et al. (2021) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-021-0897-7 · Cited by 19
The Effectiveness and Safety of Autologous Platelet Concentrates as Hemostatic Agents after Tooth Extraction in Patients on Anticoagulant Therapy: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Trials
Campana, M. D., Aliberti, A., Acerra, A., Sammartino, P., Dolce, P., Sammartino, G., & Gasparro, R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165342 · Cited by 19
“Nicotine has been shown to increase the risk of vasoconstriction and decrease tissue perfusion followed by vascular occlusion [21,67].”
Background

Authors: Cryer, P. E., Haymond, M. W., Santiago, J. V., & Shah, S. D.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
ORCID: Haymond, Morey W.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 1976-09-09
Volume: 295
Issue: 11
Pages: 573-577
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm197609092951101
OpenAlex: W2341712066
Semantic Scholar: 61a71636dc3f81cda5208adbb0e928b8f3d3f442
Cited by: 1,101
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 19.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Keywords: cigarette smoking, norepinephrine, epinephrine, sympathetic nervous system, adrenergic blockade, plasma catecholamines, hemodynamic response, blood pressure, pulse rate, blood lactate, growth hormone, cortisol, adrenergic neurotransmission
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Pressure, Epinephrine, Glycerol, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Lactates, Male, Norepinephrine, Phentolamine, Propranolol, Pulse, Pyruvates, Smoking, Growth Hormone, Sympathetic Nervous System, Sympatholytics

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Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Release and Adrenergic Mediation of Smoking-Associated Hemodynamic and Metabolic Events

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