Hormone-fuel interrelationships during fasting.
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Over 50 years ago, Benedict (2) published his extensive monograph on the metabolism of fasting in man, in which he demonstrated that carbohydrate stores provide a small but significant component of the body's fuel for only the first few days. Thereafter, protein and fat are the sole sources of fuel, the former contributing 15% of the calories and the latter the balance. The primary role of fat as fuel was apparent to Benedict and his contemporaries; it is plentiful and expendable. The significance of the protein requirement, however, was less clear; in fact, it was not fully understood until nearly 20 years later when the obligatory dependence of the central nervous system on glucose was firmly established (3). Since glycogen stores in man were known to approximate only 200 g, it was readily apparent that glucose has to be derived from protein in order to maintain cerebral metabolism during a prolonged fast. More recently, our understanding of the fasted state has been further clarified by the demonstration that free fatty acid is both the major transport form of lipid leaving adipose tissue (4, 5) and a substrate that is
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The shift in fuel utilization may be due to the fasting-induced suppression of insulin.
“which may be due to the fasting-induced suppression of insulin (53).”
From The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men (2003) · cites this paper as [53]
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- Authors
- Cahill, G. F., Herrera, M. G., Morgan, A. P., Soeldner, J. S., Steinke, J., Levy, P. L., Reichard, G. A., & Kipnis, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Reichard, G A
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1966-11-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1751-1769
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC292859
- OpenAlex
- W2079577855
- Cited by
- 1,036
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 49.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- fasting, energy metabolism, free fatty acids, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, glycogen stores, adipose tissue lipolysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Calorimetry, Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting, Glucose, Glucose Tolerance Test, Hematocrit, Humans, Insulin, Male, Potassium, Growth Hormone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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