The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gemfibrozil for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Men with Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Although it is generally accepted that lowering elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease is beneficial, there are few data to guide decisions about therapy for patients whose primary lipid abnormality is a low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind trial comparing gemfibrozil (1200 mg per day) with placebo in 2531 men with coronary heart disease, an HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.0 mmol per liter) or less, and an LDL cholesterol level of 140 mg per deciliter (3.6 mmol per liter) or less. The primary study outcome was nonfatal myocardial infarction or death from coronary causes. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 5.1 years. At one year, the mean HDL cholesterol level was 6 percent higher, the mean triglyceride level was 31 percent lower, and the mean total cholesterol level was 4 percent lower in the gemfibrozil group than in the placebo group. LDL cholesterol levels did not differ significantly between the groups. A primary event occurred in 275 of the 1267 patients assigned to placebo (21.7 percent) and in 219 of the 1264 patients assigned to gemfibrozil (17.3 percent). The overall reduction in the risk of an event was 4.4 percentage points, and the reduction in relative risk was 22 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 7 to 35 percent; P=0.006). We observed a 24 percent reduction in the combined outcome of death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke (P< 0.001). There were no significant differences in the rates of coronary revascularization, hospitalization for unstable angina, death from any cause, and cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Gemfibrozil therapy resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease whose primary lipid abnormality was a low HDL cholesterol level. The findings suggest that the rate of coronary events is reduced by raising HDL cholesterol levels and lowering levels of triglycerides without lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“However, the mean reduction in plasma triglyceride concentration in the fibrate trials was only 20 mg/dL to 50 mg/dL, a fraction of what would be needed to significantly reduce the risk of major vascular events within a shortterm trial.”
From Association of Triglyceride-Lowering LPL Variants and LDL-C–Lowering LDLR Variants With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Treatment with gemfibrozil versus placebo reduced the primary endpoint of death or nonfatal MI by 32% (P = 0.004), mortality by 41% (P = 0.02), and stroke by 40% (P = 0.046).”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence supporting the prescription of fibrates for cardiovascular prevention remains debated.”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fibrates decrease triglyceride levels by 30 -50% and sometimes increase HDL cholesterol (165-168).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [166]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A sub study was conducted on patients with diabetes participating in the VA-HIT Trial (n=627) compared to those without diabetes (n=142). Following 5 years of treatment with gemfibrozil the investigators observed an average reduction of TG levels by 31% and a corresponding increase in HDLC of 6%. More importantly, these changes were associated with a, statistically significant 22% reduction in”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that triglyceride (TG) elevation is an independent risk factor for increased cardiovascular (CV) events”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological, biological, and genetic studies have provided robust evidence of a strong association between elevated TG levels and higher rates of CV events.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous fibrate studies in subjects with diabetes10,11 or in those without diabetes13–15 did not address the role of such drugs in patients receiving statin therapy.”
From Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2010) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD, LEADER and VA-COOP trials could not confirm that fibrates reduce the incidence of MACE at a 5% significance level, whilst a significant MACE reduction was observed in the FIELD and VA-HIT trials [91–94].”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies to date have not demonstrated an overall benefit of fibrates for reduction of cardiovascular or total mortality (165-169).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [166]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, the VA-HIT Trial, with a total of 2,531 men with a history of CHD who had low HDLC levels (mean, 32 mg/dl) and low LDLC levels (mean, 111 mg/dl), assigned subjects to receive either 1,200 mg/day of gemfibrozil or placebo. After a 5 year follow-up, treatment with gemfibrozil resulted in a significant 22% reduction in the combined incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) and CHD”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [72]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, randomized data from large outcome studies across broad populations regarding pharmacological TG lowering and effect on CV outcomes have been mixed (Table 4).1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, TG reduction lowers several inflammatory markers associated with CV risk, and subgroup and post hoc analyses of outcome studies suggest possible reductions in major CV events with TG‐lowering therapy.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Again, there was no significant difference in allcause mortality”
From The Forgotten Lipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk (2019) · cites this paper as [136]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results of this study may also help to explain why prior randomized trials evaluating fibrates, which lower plasma triglyceride levels at least partially through the LPL pathway, have failed to consistently demonstrate that lowering triglyceride levels reduces the risk of cardiovascular events.[29][30][31][32][33]”
From Association of Triglyceride-Lowering LPL Variants and LDL-C–Lowering LDLR Variants With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, TG reduction lowers several inflammatory markers associated with CV risk, and subgroup and post hoc analyses of outcome studies suggest possible reductions in major CV events with TG‐lowering therapy.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Additionally, qualitative changes in LDL cholesterol may be present in the form of small, dense LDL particles which are more atherogenic and may be associated with higher risk of CVD [58-60].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“As monotherapy, fibrates likely reduce ASCVD risk.43–45”
From Clinical review on triglycerides (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“In the Helsinki Heart Study (HHS) [4] and the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) [5], administration of gemfibrozil significantly reduced CV event rate, the primary endpoints of the trials.”
From Pemafibrate, a new selective PPARα modulator: drug concept and its clinical applications for dyslipidemia and metabolic diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“In some studies, an increase of patient-reported neurocognitive effects has been described [293].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [293]
In the citing paper
“However, the data on other outcome parameters have remained equivocal.”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [125]
In the citing paper
“The data from these trials have shown consistent decreases in the rates of non-fatal MI (although often as a result of post-hoc analyses), the effect being most robust in subjects with elevated TG/low HDL-C levels.”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [125]
In the citing paper
“The clinical benefits of fibrates in monotherapy are primarily illustrated by four prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials: Helsinki Heart Study (HHS), Veterans Affairs Highdensity lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention study (BIP), and FIELD.124 -127”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [125]
In the citing paper
“Although the Helsinki Heart Study reported a significant reduction in CVD outcomes with gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD study showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes.”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [266]
In the citing paper
“The results of ESTABLISH642), JAPAN-ACS643), the ZEUS study644), and PRECISE-IVUS645) have shown that in cases stratified into a high-risk category even in secondary prevention, such as ACS or ACS complicated by DM, controlling the LDL-C at a target level of < 70 mg/dL is useful for plaque regression.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [645]
In the citing paper
“It was reported in the recent PRECISE-IVUS study that decreasing the LDL-C level to < 70 mg/dL using a combination of statin and ezetimibe resulted in a marked plaque volume regression in patients with ACS, compared to those who were treated with statins only645).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [645]
In the citing paper
“Gemfibrozil has been shown to decrease rates of CVD events in subjects without diabetes (195,196) and in the diabetic subgroup in one of the larger trials (195).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [195]
In the citing paper
“However, additional adjustment for HDL-C and the ratio of apo B to apo AI decreased the predictive ability of on-treatment triglyceride levels, and further adjustment for baseline glucose, BMI, hypertension, T2DM, and smoking eliminated the association.501”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [501]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1992) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_37 · Cited by 26,297
Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration.
Mantel, N. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 7,516
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia
Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S. M., Ford, I., Isles, C. G., Lorimer, A. R., Macfarlane, P. W., McKillop, J. H., & Packard, C. J. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511163332001 · Cited by 7,449
Sacks, F. M., Pfeffer, M. A., Moye, L. A., Rouleau, J. L., Rutherford, J. D., Cole, T. G., Brown, L., Warnica, J. W., Arnold, J. M. O., Wun, C.-C., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199610033351401 · Cited by 7,439
(1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199811053391902 · Cited by 5,261
Downs, J. R., Clearfield, M., Weis, S., Whitney, E., Shapiro, D. R., Beere, P. A., Langendorfer, A., Stein, E. A., Kruyer, W., Gotto, Jr., et al. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.20.1615 · Cited by 5,236
PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE WITH PRAVASTATIN IN MEN WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Hepherd, J. A. S., Obbe, S. T. M. C., Ord, I. A. F., Sles, C. H. G. I., Orimer, A. R. O. L., Acfarlane, P. E. W. M., Illop, J. A. H. M. C. K., Ackard, C. H. J. P., & Roup, S. T. G. (1995) · Cited by 3,453
High-Density Lipoprotein — The Clinical Implications of Recent Studies
Desforges, J. F., Gordon, D. J., & Rifkind, B. M. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198911093211907 · Cited by 1,547
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 1994, Lancet, 344, 1383
- Mantel N, 1966, Cancer Chemother Rep, 3, 163
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,017
Varbo, A., Freiberg, J. J., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2015) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2014.234146 · Cited by 209
Rana, J. S., Nieuwdorp, M., Jukema, J. W., & Kastelein, J. J. P. (2006) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00594.x · Cited by 212
Bezafibrate in men with lower extremity arterial disease: randomised controlled trial
Meade, T., Zuhrie, R., Cook, C., & Cooper, J. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7373.1139 · Cited by 208
Phytosterols and vascular disease
Patel, M. D., & Thompson, P. D. (2005) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.10.026 · Cited by 208
Maio, A., & Dowd, F. J. (2008) · xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference · doi:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60628-2 · Cited by 207
Critical limb ischemia: current challenges and future prospects
Uccioli, L., Meloni, M., Izzo, V., Giurato, L., Merolla, S., & Gandini, R. (2018) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s125065 · Cited by 207
Management of Dyslipidemia in Adults With Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2007.s83 · Cited by 206
Effects of Dietary Flavonoids on Reverse Cholesterol Transport, HDL Metabolism, and HDL function
Millar, C. L., Duclos, Q., & Blesso, C. N. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.014050 · Cited by 208
Pioglitazone Reduces Atherogenic Index of Plasma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Tan, M. H., Johns, D., & Glazer, N. B. (2004) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.031757 · Cited by 203
Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis
Razani, B., Chakravarthy, M. V., & Semenkovich, C. F. (2008) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.05.001 · Cited by 201
The Evolving Understanding and Approach to Residual Cardiovascular Risk Management
Dhindsa, D. S., Sandesara, P. B., Shapiro, M. D., & Wong, N. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00088 · Cited by 208
Hirsch, A., Haskal, Z., Hertzer, N., Bakal, C., Creager, M., Halperin, J., Hiratzka, L., Murphy, W. R. C., Olin, J., Puschett, J., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.173994 · Cited by 211
DUVAL, C., MULLER, M., & KERSTEN, S. (2007) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.05.003 · Cited by 199
Koh, K. K., Quon, M. J., Han, S. H., Chung, W., Ahn, J. Y., Seo, Y., Choi, I. S., & Shin, E. K. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.052 · Cited by 199
Cheeley, M. K., Saseen, J. J., Agarwala, A., Ravilla, S., Ciffone, N., Jacobson, T. A., Dixon, D. L., & Maki, K. C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2022.05.068 · Cited by 197
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Jay, M., & Ren, J. T. (2007) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339907779802067 · Cited by 202
Mayer, K. H., Dubé, M. P., Sprecher, D. L., Henry, W. K., Aberg, J. A., Torriani, F. J., Hodis, H. N., Schouten, J., Levin, J., Myers, G. L., et al. (2000) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/317429 · Cited by 196
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Merz, C. N. B., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000133317.49796.0e · Cited by 196
Rosenzweig, J. L., Ferrannini, E., Grundy, S. M., Haffner, S. M., Heine, R. J., Horton, E. S., & Kawamori, R. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0222 · Cited by 197
Bruckert, E., Labreuche, J., Deplanque, D., Touboul, P.-J., & Amarenco, P. (2011) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0b013e318202709f · Cited by 192
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Reiner, Ž., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.012 · Cited by 192
Validation of the Archimedes Diabetes Model
Eddy, D. M., & Schlessinger, L. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3102 · Cited by 192
Vijan, S. S., & Hayward, R. A. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00013 · Cited by 192
Yamashita, S., Masuda, D., & Matsuzawa, Y. (2020) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-020-0823-5 · Cited by 191
Cheung, M. C., Zhao, X.-Q., Chait, A., Albers, J. J., & Brown, B. G. (2001) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/hq0801.095151 · Cited by 192
Niacin and cholesterol: role in cardiovascular disease (review)
Ganji, S. H., Kamanna, V. S., & Kashyap, M. L. (2003) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00284-x · Cited by 190
Fruchart, J.-C. (2013) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-82 · Cited by 189
Association between high‐density lipoprotein and cognitive impairment in the oldest old
van Exel, E. R., de Craen, A. J. M., Gussekloo, J., Houx, P. J., Wiel, A. B. D., Macfarlane, P. W., Blauw, G. J., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10220 · Cited by 189
Regulation of reverse cholesterol transport and clinical implications
Rader, D. J. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00615-5 · Cited by 191
PPAR agonists: multimodal drugs for the treatment of type-2 diabetes
Gross, B. S., & Staels, B. (2007) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2007.09.004 · Cited by 189
Cardiovascular drug therapy in the elderly: benefits and challenges
Fleg, J. L., Aronow, W. S., & Frishman, W. H. (2011) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2010.162 · Cited by 186
Boizel, R., Benhamou, P., Lardy, B., Laporte, F., Foulon, T., & Halimi, S. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.11.1679 · Cited by 186
Elam, M. B., Ginsberg, H. N., Lovato, L. C., Corson, M., Largay, J., Leiter, L. A., Lopez, C., O’Connor, P. J., Sweeney, M. E., Weiss, D., et al. (2017) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.4828 · Cited by 185
Self-citationRothwell, P. M., Algra, A., & Amarenco, P. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60516-3 · Cited by 189
Duez, H., Chao, Y., Hernandez, M., Torpier, G., Poulain, P., Mundt, S., Mallat, Z., Teissier, E., Burton, C. A., Tedgui, A., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m206966200 · Cited by 201
Leiter, L. A., FITCHETT, D. H., Gilbert, R. E., Gupta, M., Mancini, G. B. J., McFarlane, P. A., Ross, R., Teoh, H., Verma, S., Anand, S. S., et al. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2010.12.054 · Cited by 195
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force* (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-11-200806030-00007 · Cited by 185
Bhatt, D. L., Steg, P. G., Brinton, E. A., Jacobson, T. A., Miller, M., Tardif, J., Ketchum, S. B., Doyle, R. T., Murphy, S. A., Soni, P. N., et al. (2017) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22692 · Cited by 183
Coronary heart disease risk equivalence in diabetes depends on concomitant risk factors
Howard, B. V., Best, L. G., Galloway, J. M., Howard, W. J., Jones, K., Lee, E. T., Ratner, R. E., Resnick, H. E., & Devereux, R. B. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1299 · Cited by 180
Koh, K. K., Han, S. H., Quon, M. J., Ahn, J. Y., & Shin, E. K. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1419 · Cited by 182
Lipid-Modifying Therapies and Risk of Pancreatitis: A Meta-analysis
Preiss, D., Tikkanen, M. J., Welsh, P., Ford, I., Lovato, L. C., Elam, M. B., LaRosa, J. C., DeMicco, D. A., Colhoun, H. M., Goldenberg, I., et al. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.8439 · Cited by 181
Self-citationFibrates in 2003: therapeutic action in atherogenic dyslipidaemia and future perspectives
Chapman, M. J. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00156-4 · Cited by 181
Newman, C. B., Blaha, M. J., Boord, J. B., Cariou, B., Chait, A., Fein, H. G., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, I. J., Murad, M. H., Subramanian, S., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa674 · Cited by 182
Effects of Statins on High-Density Lipoproteins: A Potential Contribution to Cardiovascular Benefit
McTaggart, F., & Jones, P. J. H. (2008) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-008-6113-z · Cited by 186
Obesity, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor, and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes
Blaschke, F., Takata, Y., Caglayan, E., Law, R. E., & Hsueh, W. A. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000191663.12164.77 · Cited by 176
Sheu, M. Y., Fowler, A. J., Kao, J. S., Schmuth, M., Fluhr, J. W., Man, M., Elias, P. M., Feingold, K. R., Schoonjans, K., & Auwerx, J. H. (2002) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01626.x · Cited by 176
PPARα Activators Inhibit Tissue Factor Expression and Activity in Human Monocytes
Marx, N., Mackman, N., Schönbeck, U., Yilmaz, N., Hombach, V., Libby, P., & Plutzky, J. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.2.213 · Cited by 179
Beyond Low-Density Lipoprotein
Nesto, R. W. (2005) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.2165/00129784-200505060-00005 · Cited by 176
Aim-High Investigators (2011) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.12.007 · Cited by 174
Cholesterol and atherosclerosis
Libby, P. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00161-x · Cited by 183
Brott, T. G., Halperin, J. L., Abbara, S., Bacharach, J. M., Barr, J. D., Bush, R. L., Cates, C. U., Creager, M. A., Fowler, S. A., Friday, G. H., et al. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0b013e3182112cc2 · Cited by 173
Guan, Y. (2004) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000139067.83419.46 · Cited by 173
Pharmacotherapy for dyslipidaemia ? current therapies and future agents
Bays, H. E., & Stein, E. A. (2003) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.4.11.1901 · Cited by 173
Nicholls, S. J., Gordon, A., Johansson, J., Wolski, K., Ballantyne, C. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Taylor, A. J., Borgman, M., & Nissen, S. E. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.015 · Cited by 172
Chepulis, L. M., & Starkey, N. J. (2007) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00592.x · Cited by 170
Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular Specialists
Fitridge, R., & Thompson, M. M. (2011) · Cited by 168
Ashen, M. D., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp044370 · Cited by 171
Nicholls, S. J., Lincoff, A. M., Bash, D., Ballantyne, C. M., Barter, P. J., Davidson, M. H., Kastelein, J. J. P., Koenig, W., McGuire, D. K., Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2018) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.23055 · Cited by 167
Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia
Sahebkar, A., Chew, G. T., & Watts, G. F. (2014) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.002 · Cited by 166
Jonkers, I. J. A. M., Mohrschladt, M. F., Westendorp, R. G. J., van der Laarse, A., & Smelt, A. H. M. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01123-8 · Cited by 169
2017 Taiwan lipid guidelines for high risk patients
Li, Y., Ueng, K., Jeng, J., Charng, M., Lin, T., Chien, K., Wang, C., Chao, T., Liu, P., Su, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2016.11.013 · Cited by 166
Guyton, J. R. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1177 · Cited by 165
Griel, A. E., Cao, Y., Bagshaw, D., Cifelli, A. M., Holub, B. J., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.4.761 · Cited by 165
Fibrate‐induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?
Broeders, N., Knoop, C., Antoine, M., Tielemans, C., & Abramowicz, D. (2000) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/15.12.1993 · Cited by 163
Pineda‐Torra, I., Jamshidi, Y., Flavell, D. M., Fruchart, J., & Staels, B. (2002) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/mend.16.5.0833 · Cited by 169
Effects of Fibrates on Serum Metabolic Parameters
Elisaf, M. (2002) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079902125000516 · Cited by 163
Huang, E. S., Meigs, J. B., & Singer, D. E. (2001) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00978-0 · Cited by 163
Modulation of Hepatic Inflammatory Risk Markers of Cardiovascular Diseases by PPAR–α Activators
Zambon, A., Gervois, P. P., Pauletto, P., Fruchart, J., & Staels, B. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000204327.96431.9a · Cited by 162
The PPAR-RXR Transcriptional Complex in the Vasculature
Plutzky, J. (2011) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.110.226860 · Cited by 161
Boyle, P. J., King, A. B., Olansky, L., Marchetti, A. E., Lau, H., Magar, R., & Martin, J. P. (2002) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(02)85040-8 · Cited by 161
Dynamics of reverse cholesterol transport: protection against atherosclerosis
Sviridov, D., & Nestel, P. J. (2002) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00677-3 · Cited by 161
Differential Effects of Lipid-Lowering Therapies on Stroke Prevention
Corvol, J., Bouzamondo, A., Sirol, M., Hulot, J., Sanchez-Peña, P., & Lechat, P. P. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.6.669 · Cited by 162
Primatesta, P., & Poulter, N. R. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7272.1322 · Cited by 161
Fibrates and future PPARα agonists in the treatment of cardiovascular disease
Staels, B., Maes, M., & Zambon, A. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1278 · Cited by 169
Surprises from genetic analyses of lipid risk factors for atherosclerosis
Musunuru, K., & Kathiresan, S. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.306398 · Cited by 159
Brott, T. G., Halperin, J. L., Abbara, S., Bacharach, J. M., Barr, J. D., Bush, R. L., Cates, C. U., Creager, M. A., Fowler, S. A., Friday, G. H., et al. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0b013e3182112d08 · Cited by 159
Belfort, R., Berria, R., Cornell, J. E., & Cusi, K. J. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1487 · Cited by 159
Gizard, F., Amant, C., Barbier, O., Bellosta, S., Robillard, R., Percevault, F., Sevestre, H., Krimpenfort, P., Corsini, A., Rochette, J., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci22756 · Cited by 167
Tanne, D., Koren-Morag, N., Graff, E., & Goldbourt, U. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4901.100384 · Cited by 158
Jafri, H., Alsheikh-Ali, A. A. A., & Karas, R. H. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.069 · Cited by 160
Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Mooradian, A. D. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.1.33 · Cited by 158
Overviews of Pathogen Emergence: Which Pathogens Emerge, When and Why?
Cleaveland, S., Haydon, D. T., & Taylor, L. H. (2007) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_5 · Cited by 161
HDL: The Metabolism, Function, and Therapeutic Importance
Wang, M., & Briggs, M. R. (2003) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr020466v · Cited by 159
Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk: the importance of early prevention
Miller, M. J. (2009) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcp065 · Cited by 165
Statin-fibrate combination therapy for hyperlipidaemia: a review
Wierzbicki, A. S., Mikhailidis, D. P., Wray, R., Schachter, M., Cramb, R., Simpson, W. G., & Byrne, C. D. (2003) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079903125001668 · Cited by 156
Dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Brunzell, J. D., & Ayyobi, A. F. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.08.011 · Cited by 155
Brown, B. G., Stukovsky, K. H., & Zhao, X.-Q. (2006) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32800ff750 · Cited by 155
Nicholls, S. J., Cutri, B., Worthley, S. G., Kee, P. H., Rye, K.-A., Bao, S., & Barter, P. J. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000184760.95957.d6 · Cited by 156
von Birgelen, C., Hartmann, M., Mintz, G. S., Baumgart, D., Schmermund, A., & Erbel, R. M. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000103664.47406.49 · Cited by 154
Free radical biology of the cardiovascular system
Chen, A. F., Chen, D., Daiber, A., Faraci, F. M., Li, H., Rembold, C. M., & Laher, I. (2012) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20110562 · Cited by 155
Cardiovascular risk and dyslipidemia among persons living with HIV: a review
Maggi, P., Biagio, A. D., Rusconi, S., Cicalini, S., D’Abbraccio, M., d’Ettorre, G., Martinelli, C. V., Nunnari, G., Sighinolfi, L., Spagnuolo, V., et al. (2017) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2626-z · Cited by 159
Guidelines for Improving the Care of the Older Person with Diabetes Mellitus
Ickowicz, E. (2003) · Cited by 152
Apolipoprotein Concentrations During Treatment and Recurrent Coronary Artery Disease Events
van Lennep, J. E. R., Westerveld, H. T., van Lennep, H. W. O. R., Zwinderman, A. H., Erkelens, D. W., & van der Wall, E. E. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.11.2408 · Cited by 152
Changes in triglyceride levels and risk for coronary heart disease in young men.
Tirosh, A., Rudich, A., Shochat, T., Tekes-Manova, D., Israeli, E., Henkin, Y., Kochba, I., & Shai, I. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00007 · Cited by 151
PPARs and their metabolic modulation: new mechanisms for transcriptional regulation?
Ahmed, W., Ziouzenkova, O., Brown, J. D., Devchand, P. R., Francis, S. A., Kadakia, M., Kanda, T., Orasanu, G., Sharlach, M., Zandbergen, F. J., et al. (2007) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01825.x · Cited by 153
Concept and usefulness of cardiovascular risk profiles
Kannel, W. B., D’Agostino, R. B., SULLIVAN, L. M., & Wilson, P. W. F. (2004) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.10.022 · Cited by 151
Premature Atherosclerosis Associated With Monogenic Insulin Resistance
Hegele, R. A. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.18.2225 · Cited by 151
Is There a Role for Fibrates in the Management of Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome?
Barter, P. J., & Rye, K. (2007) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.107.148817 · Cited by 151
Backer, G. D., Ambrosio, G., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Brotons, C., Cífková, R., Dallongeville, J., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Færgeman, O., Graham, I. D., Mancia, G., et al. (2003) · PubMed · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000087913.96265.e2 · Cited by 153
Dysregulation of the Autonomic Nervous System Predicts the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome
Licht, C. M. M., de Geus, E. J. C., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3104 · Cited by 154
Metadata
- Authors
- Rubins, H. B., Robins, S. J., Collins, D., Fye, C. L., Anderson, J. W., Elam, M. B., Faas, F. H., Linares, E., Schaefer, E. J., Schectman, G., Wilt, T. J., & Wittes, J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- West Haven Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (US)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Memphis VA Medical Center (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center (US)
- Statistics Collaborative (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1999-08-05
- Volume
- 341
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 410-418
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2328529137
- Semantic Scholar
- c59834b2e2f45268e79b64cd3316445882b86f66
- Cited by
- 3,439
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 114
- FWCI
- 242.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Keywords
- gemfibrozil, secondary prevention, coronary artery disease, low HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease mortality, stroke, fibrates, men
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Hypolipidemic Agents, Coronary Disease, Double-Blind Method, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypolipoproteinemias, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk, Triglycerides, Gemfibrozil, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
