The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gemfibrozil for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Men with Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Although it is generally accepted that lowering elevated serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease is beneficial, there are few data to guide decisions about therapy for patients whose primary lipid abnormality is a low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind trial comparing gemfibrozil (1200 mg per day) with placebo in 2531 men with coronary heart disease, an HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.0 mmol per liter) or less, and an LDL cholesterol level of 140 mg per deciliter (3.6 mmol per liter) or less. The primary study outcome was nonfatal myocardial infarction or death from coronary causes. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 5.1 years. At one year, the mean HDL cholesterol level was 6 percent higher, the mean triglyceride level was 31 percent lower, and the mean total cholesterol level was 4 percent lower in the gemfibrozil group than in the placebo group. LDL cholesterol levels did not differ significantly between the groups. A primary event occurred in 275 of the 1267 patients assigned to placebo (21.7 percent) and in 219 of the 1264 patients assigned to gemfibrozil (17.3 percent). The overall reduction in the risk of an event was 4.4 percentage points, and the reduction in relative risk was 22 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 7 to 35 percent; P=0.006). We observed a 24 percent reduction in the combined outcome of death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke (P< 0.001). There were no significant differences in the rates of coronary revascularization, hospitalization for unstable angina, death from any cause, and cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Gemfibrozil therapy resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease whose primary lipid abnormality was a low HDL cholesterol level. The findings suggest that the rate of coronary events is reduced by raising HDL cholesterol levels and lowering levels of triglycerides without lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“However, the mean reduction in plasma triglyceride concentration in the fibrate trials was only 20 mg/dL to 50 mg/dL, a fraction of what would be needed to significantly reduce the risk of major vascular events within a shortterm trial.”
From Association of Triglyceride-Lowering LPL Variants and LDL-C–Lowering LDLR Variants With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Treatment with gemfibrozil versus placebo reduced the primary endpoint of death or nonfatal MI by 32% (P = 0.004), mortality by 41% (P = 0.02), and stroke by 40% (P = 0.046).”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence supporting the prescription of fibrates for cardiovascular prevention remains debated.”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fibrates decrease triglyceride levels by 30 -50% and sometimes increase HDL cholesterol (165-168).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [166]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A sub study was conducted on patients with diabetes participating in the VA-HIT Trial (n=627) compared to those without diabetes (n=142). Following 5 years of treatment with gemfibrozil the investigators observed an average reduction of TG levels by 31% and a corresponding increase in HDLC of 6%. More importantly, these changes were associated with a, statistically significant 22% reduction in”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that triglyceride (TG) elevation is an independent risk factor for increased cardiovascular (CV) events”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological, biological, and genetic studies have provided robust evidence of a strong association between elevated TG levels and higher rates of CV events.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Previous fibrate studies in subjects with diabetes10,11 or in those without diabetes13–15 did not address the role of such drugs in patients receiving statin therapy.”
From Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2010) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The ACCORD, LEADER and VA-COOP trials could not confirm that fibrates reduce the incidence of MACE at a 5% significance level, whilst a significant MACE reduction was observed in the FIELD and VA-HIT trials [91–94].”
From Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [93]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies to date have not demonstrated an overall benefit of fibrates for reduction of cardiovascular or total mortality (165-169).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [166]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, the VA-HIT Trial, with a total of 2,531 men with a history of CHD who had low HDLC levels (mean, 32 mg/dl) and low LDLC levels (mean, 111 mg/dl), assigned subjects to receive either 1,200 mg/day of gemfibrozil or placebo. After a 5 year follow-up, treatment with gemfibrozil resulted in a significant 22% reduction in the combined incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) and CHD”
From Fenofibrate and metabolic syndrome (2010) · cites this paper as [72]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, randomized data from large outcome studies across broad populations regarding pharmacological TG lowering and effect on CV outcomes have been mixed (Table 4).1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, TG reduction lowers several inflammatory markers associated with CV risk, and subgroup and post hoc analyses of outcome studies suggest possible reductions in major CV events with TG‐lowering therapy.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Again, there was no significant difference in allcause mortality”
From The Forgotten Lipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk (2019) · cites this paper as [136]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results of this study may also help to explain why prior randomized trials evaluating fibrates, which lower plasma triglyceride levels at least partially through the LPL pathway, have failed to consistently demonstrate that lowering triglyceride levels reduces the risk of cardiovascular events.[29][30][31][32][33]”
From Association of Triglyceride-Lowering LPL Variants and LDL-C–Lowering LDLR Variants With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, TG reduction lowers several inflammatory markers associated with CV risk, and subgroup and post hoc analyses of outcome studies suggest possible reductions in major CV events with TG‐lowering therapy.3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11”
From Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT : Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Additionally, qualitative changes in LDL cholesterol may be present in the form of small, dense LDL particles which are more atherogenic and may be associated with higher risk of CVD [58-60].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“As monotherapy, fibrates likely reduce ASCVD risk.43–45”
From Clinical review on triglycerides (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“In the Helsinki Heart Study (HHS) [4] and the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) [5], administration of gemfibrozil significantly reduced CV event rate, the primary endpoints of the trials.”
From Pemafibrate, a new selective PPARα modulator: drug concept and its clinical applications for dyslipidemia and metabolic diseases (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“In some studies, an increase of patient-reported neurocognitive effects has been described [293].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [293]
In the citing paper
“However, the data on other outcome parameters have remained equivocal.”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [125]
In the citing paper
“The data from these trials have shown consistent decreases in the rates of non-fatal MI (although often as a result of post-hoc analyses), the effect being most robust in subjects with elevated TG/low HDL-C levels.”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [125]
In the citing paper
“The clinical benefits of fibrates in monotherapy are primarily illustrated by four prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials: Helsinki Heart Study (HHS), Veterans Affairs Highdensity lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention study (BIP), and FIELD.124 -127”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [125]
In the citing paper
“Although the Helsinki Heart Study reported a significant reduction in CVD outcomes with gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD study showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes.”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [266]
In the citing paper
“The results of ESTABLISH642), JAPAN-ACS643), the ZEUS study644), and PRECISE-IVUS645) have shown that in cases stratified into a high-risk category even in secondary prevention, such as ACS or ACS complicated by DM, controlling the LDL-C at a target level of < 70 mg/dL is useful for plaque regression.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [645]
In the citing paper
“It was reported in the recent PRECISE-IVUS study that decreasing the LDL-C level to < 70 mg/dL using a combination of statin and ezetimibe resulted in a marked plaque volume regression in patients with ACS, compared to those who were treated with statins only645).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [645]
In the citing paper
“Gemfibrozil has been shown to decrease rates of CVD events in subjects without diabetes (195,196) and in the diabetic subgroup in one of the larger trials (195).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [195]
In the citing paper
“However, additional adjustment for HDL-C and the ratio of apo B to apo AI decreased the predictive ability of on-treatment triglyceride levels, and further adjustment for baseline glucose, BMI, hypertension, T2DM, and smoking eliminated the association.501”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [501]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1992) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_37 · Cited by 26,297
Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration.
Mantel, N. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 7,516
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia
Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S. M., Ford, I., Isles, C. G., Lorimer, A. R., Macfarlane, P. W., McKillop, J. H., & Packard, C. J. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511163332001 · Cited by 7,449
Sacks, F. M., Pfeffer, M. A., Moye, L. A., Rouleau, J. L., Rutherford, J. D., Cole, T. G., Brown, L., Warnica, J. W., Arnold, J. M. O., Wun, C.-C., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199610033351401 · Cited by 7,439
(1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199811053391902 · Cited by 5,261
Downs, J. R., Clearfield, M., Weis, S., Whitney, E., Shapiro, D. R., Beere, P. A., Langendorfer, A., Stein, E. A., Kruyer, W., Gotto, Jr., et al. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.20.1615 · Cited by 5,236
PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE WITH PRAVASTATIN IN MEN WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Hepherd, J. A. S., Obbe, S. T. M. C., Ord, I. A. F., Sles, C. H. G. I., Orimer, A. R. O. L., Acfarlane, P. E. W. M., Illop, J. A. H. M. C. K., Ackard, C. H. J. P., & Roup, S. T. G. (1995) · Cited by 3,453
High-Density Lipoprotein — The Clinical Implications of Recent Studies
Desforges, J. F., Gordon, D. J., & Rifkind, B. M. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198911093211907 · Cited by 1,547
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 1994, Lancet, 344, 1383
- Mantel N, 1966, Cancer Chemother Rep, 3, 163
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 · Cited by 8,961
Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)
Norgren, L., Hiatt, W. R., Dormandy, J. A., Nehler, M. R., Harris, K. A., & Fowkes, F. G. R. (2007) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.12.037 · Cited by 8,191
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a · Cited by 7,081
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Merz, C. N. B., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133317.49796.0e · Cited by 6,902
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., et al. (2019) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014 · Cited by 4,854
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014
American Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s014 · Cited by 4,572
Braunwald, E., Antman, E. M., Beasley, J. W., Califf, R. M., Cheitlin, M. D., Hochman, J. S., Jones, R. H., Kereiakes, D. J., Kupersmith, J., Levin, T. N., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.10.1193 · Cited by 4,475
Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes
Gæde, P., Vedel, P., Larsen, N., Jensen, G. V. H., Parving, H.-H., & Pedersen, O. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021778 · Cited by 4,378
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013
American Diabetes Association (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-s011 · Cited by 4,369
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 · Cited by 3,845
Sever, P., Dahlöf, B., Poulter, N. R., Wedel, H., Beevers, G., Caulfield, M. J., Collins, R., Kjeldsen, S. E., Kristinsson, A., McInnes, G. T., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12948-0 · Cited by 3,790
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Reiner, Ž., Catapano, A. L., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158 · Cited by 3,549
Standards of medical care in diabetes 2010
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-s011 · Cited by 3,470
2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272 · Cited by 3,162
Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy
The AIM-HIGH Investigators (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107579 · Cited by 2,911
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2011
American Diabetes Association (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s011 · Cited by 2,880
Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)
Norgren, L., Hiatt, W. R., Dormandy, J., Nehler, M. R., Harris, K. A., & Fowkes, F. G. R. (2006) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.09.024 · Cited by 2,877
Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
(2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1001282 · Cited by 2,837
Mensink, R. P., Zock, P. L., Kester, A. D., & Katan, M. B. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146 · Cited by 2,811
Beckman, J. A., Creager, M. A., & Libby, P. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.19.2570 · Cited by 2,765
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182776f83 · Cited by 2,419
Authors Task Force Members, de Werf, F. V., Bax, J. J., Betriu, A., Blomström‐Lundqvist, C., Crea, F., Falk, V., Filippatos, G. S., Fox, K. A. A., Huber, K., et al. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn416 · Cited by 2,309
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2012
(2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-s011 · Cited by 2,240
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009
American Diabetes Association (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-s013 · Cited by 2,167
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162
Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome
Schwartz, G. G., Olsson, A. G., Abt, M., Ballantyne, C. M., Barter, P. J., Brumm, J., Chaitman, B. R., Holme, I. M., Kallend, D., Leiter, L. A., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1206797 · Cited by 2,022
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes–2006
American Diabetes Association (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.s1.06.s4 · Cited by 1,885
Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Miller, M., Stone, N. J., Ballantyne, C., Bittner, V., Criqui, M. H., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, A. C., Howard, W. J., Jacobson, M. S., Kris-Etherton, P. M., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182160726 · Cited by 1,871
Yki-Järvinen, H. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra041001 · Cited by 1,830
The PPARs: From Orphan Receptors to Drug Discovery
Willson, T. M., Brown, P. J., Sternbach, D. D., & Henke, B. R. (2000) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm990554g · Cited by 1,816
Smith, S. C., Benjamin, E. J., Bonow, R. O., Braun, L. T., Creager, M. A., Franklin, B. A., Gibbons, R. J., Grundy, S. M., Hiratzka, L. F., Jones, D. W., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318235eb4d · Cited by 1,759
Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis
Schultz, J. R., Tu, H., Luk, A., Repa, J. J., Medina, J. C., Li, L., Schwendner, S., Wang, S., Thoolen, M., Mangelsdorf, D. J., et al. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.850400 · Cited by 1,499
Creager, M. A., Lüscher, T. F., of, P. W. T. A., Cosentino, F., & Beckman, J. A. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000091257.27563.32 · Cited by 1,675
Kim, J.-A., Montagnani, M., Koh, K. K., & Quon, M. J. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.563213 · Cited by 1,652
Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary
Rydén, L., Standl, E., Bartnik, M., den Berghe, G. V., Betteridge, J. D., de Boer, M., Cosentino, F., Jönsson, B., Laakso, M., Malmberg, K., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl260 · Cited by 1,644
2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.018 · Cited by 1,582
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013 · Cited by 1,583
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Bairey Merz, C. N., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001 · Cited by 1,550
Current Concepts of the Pathogenesis of the Acute Coronary Syndromes
Libby, P. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.104.3.365 · Cited by 1,575
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2014
(2014) · Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.12816/0004790 · Cited by 1,478
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1)
Thakker, R. V., Newey, P. J., Walls, G. V., Bilezikian, J. P., Dralle, H., Ebeling, P. R., Melmed, S. K., Sakurai, A., Tonelli, F., & Brandi, M. L. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1230 · Cited by 1,500
Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation
de Werf, F. V. (2003) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0195-668x(02)00618-8 · Cited by 1,442
Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part I
Paneni, F., Beckman, J. A., Creager, M. A., & Cosentino, F. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht149 · Cited by 1,455
Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease
Nordestgaard, B. G., & Varbo, A. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61177-6 · Cited by 1,419
Sarwar, N., Danesh, J., Eiriksdottir, G., Sigurdsson, G., Wareham, N., Bingham, S., Boekholdt, S. M., Khaw, K.-T., & Gudnason, V. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.637793 · Cited by 1,408
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2008
American Diabetes Association (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-s012 · Cited by 1,377
A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity
Samaha, F. F., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., Chicano, K. L., Daily, D. A., McGrory, J., Williams, T., Williams, M., Gracely, E. J., & Stern, L. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022637 · Cited by 1,267
Williams, B., Poulter, N. R., Brown, M. J., Davis, M., McInnes, G. T., POTTER, J. F., Sever, P. S., & Thom, S. (2004) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001683 · Cited by 1,268
Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Francis, G. L., Waguespack, S. G., Bauer, A. J., Angelos, P., Benvenga, S., Cerutti, J. M., Dinauer, C., Hamilton, J. K., HAY, I. D., Luster, M., et al. (2015) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0460 · Cited by 1,273
Chapman, M. J., Ginsberg, H. N., Amarenco, P., Andreotti, F., Borén, J., Catapano, A. L., Descamps, O. S., Fisher, E., Kovanen, P. T., Kuivenhoven, J. A., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr112 · Cited by 1,227
Grundy, S. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5839-6_1 · Cited by 1,227
Prepared, B. (2005) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.079988 · Cited by 1,223
Nowy rok, stare problemy, ale i nowe możliwości
Czupryniak, L. (2014) · Via Medica Journals · Cited by 1,192
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2007
American Diabetes Association (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-s004 · Cited by 1,190
Chinetti, G., Lestavel, S., Bocher, V., Remaley, A. T., Neve, B., Torra, I. P., Teissier, E., Minnich, A., Jaye, M., Duverger, N., et al. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/83348 · Cited by 1,170
(2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.334 · Cited by 1,162
Nordestgaard, B. G. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.306249 · Cited by 1,116
Jellinger, P. S., Handelsman, Y., Rosenblit, P. D., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Fonseca, V. A., Garber, A. J., Grunberger, G., Guerin, C. K., Bell, D. S. H., Mechanick, J. I., et al. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep171764.appgl · Cited by 1,094
New Insights Into the Regulation of HDL Metabolism and Reverse Cholesterol Transport
Lewis, G. F., & Rader, D. J. (2005) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000170946.56981.5c · Cited by 1,104
Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mooradian, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/ncpendmet1066 · Cited by 1,053
Oliver, W. R., Shenk, J. L., Snaith, M. R., RUSSELL, C. S., Plunket, K. D., Bodkin, N. L., Lewis, M. C., Winegar, D. A., Sznaidman, M. L., Lambert, M. H., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.091021198 · Cited by 1,060
Hirsch, A. T., Haskal, Z. J., HERTZER, N. R., Bakal, C. W., Creager, M. A., Halperin, J. L., Hiratzka, L. F., Murphy, W. R. C., Olin, J. W., Puschett, J. B., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.009 · Cited by 1,029
Self-citationPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Target Genes
Rakhshandehroo, M., Knoch, B., Müller, M., & Kersten, S. (2010) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2010/612089 · Cited by 1,020
Sorting out the roles of PPAR in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis
Lefebvre, P. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci27989 · Cited by 962
Braunwald, E., Antman, E. M., Beasley, J. W., Califf, R. M., Cheitlin, M. D., Hochman, J. S., Jones, R. H., Kereiakes, D. J., Kupersmith, J., Levin, T. N., et al. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00889-5 · Cited by 954
Effect of Sibutramine on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Subjects
James, W. P. T., Caterson, I. D., Coutinho, W., Finer, N., Van Gaal, L. F., Maggioni, A. P., Torp-Pedersen, C., Sharma, A. M., Shepherd, G. M., Rode, R. A., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1003114 · Cited by 943
Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jun, M., Foote, C., Lv, J., Neal, B., Patel, A., Nicholls, S. J., Grobbee, D. E., Cass, A., Chalmers, J., & Perkovic, V. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60656-3 · Cited by 927
Relation of Gemfibrozil Treatment and Lipid Levels With Major Coronary Events
Robins, S. J., Collins, D. E., Wittes, J. T., Papademetriou, V., DEEDWANIA, P. C., Schaefer, E. J., McNamara, J. R., Kashyap, M. L., Hershman, J. M., WEXLER, L. F., et al. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1585 · Cited by 917
Self-citationSmith, S. C., Benjamin, E. J., Bonow, R. O., Braun, L. T., Creager, M. A., Franklin, B. A., Gibbons, R. J., Grundy, S. M., Hiratzka, L. F., Jones, D. W., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.824 · Cited by 918
Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation
Bougarne, N., Weyers, B., Desmet, S. J., Deckers, J., Ray, D. W., Staels, B., & De Bosscher, K. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00064 · Cited by 898
Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Berglund, L., Brunzell, J. D., Goldberg, A. C., Goldberg, I. J., Sacks, F., Murad, M. H., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3213 · Cited by 887
Garber, A. J., Abrahamson, M. J., Barzilay, J. I., Blonde, L., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Bush, M. A., Dagogo-Jack, S. E., DeFronzo, R. A., EINHORN, D. F., Fonseca, V. A., et al. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep151126.cs · Cited by 879
Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease
Do, R., Willer, C. J., Schmidt, E. M., Sengupta, S., Gao, C., Peloso, G. M., Gustafsson, S., Kanoni, S., Ganna, A., Chen, J., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2795 · Cited by 862
Fihn, S. D., Gardin, J. M., Abrams, J., Berra, K., Blankenship, J. C., Dallas, A. P., Douglas, P. S., Foody, J. M., Gerber, T. C., Hinderliter, A. L., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318277d6a0 · Cited by 845
Steiner, G. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04209-4 · Cited by 849
Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: a randomised trial
James, W. P. T., Astrup, A., Finer, N., Hilsted, J., Kopelman, P., Rössner, S., Saris, W. H. M., & Gaal, L. F. V. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03491-7 · Cited by 817
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813
Brott, T. G., Halperin, J. L., Abbara, S., Bacharach, J. M., Barr, J. D., Bush, R. L., Cates, C. U., Creager, M. A., Fowler, S. A., Friday, G. H., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31820d8d78 · Cited by 801
Goldberg, R. B., Kendall, D. M., Deeg, M. A., Buse, J. B., Zagar, A. J., Pinaire, J. A., Tan, M. H., Khan, M. A., Perez, A. T., Jacober, S. J., et al. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.7.1547 · Cited by 790
National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2
Jacobson, T. A., Maki, K. C., Orringer, C. E., Jones, P. H., Kris-Etherton, P., Sikand, G., La Forge, R., Daniels, S. R., Wilson, D. P., Morris, P. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.09.002 · Cited by 784
Samson, S. L., & Garber, A. J. (2014) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.009 · Cited by 828
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
Ades, P. A. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra001529 · Cited by 774
Anderson, T. J., Grégoire, J. C., Hegele, R. A., Couture, P., Mancini, G. B. J., McPherson, R., Francis, G. A., Poirier, P., Lau, D. C. W., Grover, S. A., et al. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.032 · Cited by 780
Genest, J. J., McPherson, R., Frohlich, J. J., Anderson, T. J., Campbell, N. R. C., Carpentier, A. C., Couture, P., Dufour, R., Fodor, G. J., Francis, G. A., et al. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(09)70715-9 · Cited by 765
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Krauss, R. M. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.6.1496 · Cited by 764
Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis
Nicholls, S. J., Tuzcu, E. M., Sipahi, I., Grasso, A. W., Schoenhagen, P., Hu, T., Wolski, K., Crowe, T., Desai, M. Y., Hazen, S. L., et al. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.5.499 · Cited by 724
Lipoprotein Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk
Brunzell, J. D., Davidson, M. H., Furberg, C. D., Goldberg, R. B., Howard, B. V., Stein, J. H., & Witztum, J. L. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-9018 · Cited by 716
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Reiner, Ž., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.028 · Cited by 706
Ference, B. A., Kastelein, J. J. P., Ray, K. K., Ginsberg, H. N., Chapman, M. J., Packard, C. J., Laufs, U., Oliver-Williams, C., Wood, A. M., Butterworth, A. S., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.20045 · Cited by 703
Atherosclerosis and inflammation: overview and updates
Geovanini, G. R., & Libby, P. (2018) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20180306 · Cited by 711
High Density Lipoproteins and Arteriosclerosis
von Eckardstein, A., Nofer, J., & Assmann, G. (2001) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.21.1.13 · Cited by 696
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
(2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2007.s15 · Cited by 688
Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus
California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society, C. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.51.5s.1.x · Cited by 651
Endothelial and Antithrombotic Actions of HDL
Mineo, C., Deguchi, H., Griffin, J. H., & Shaul, P. W. (2006) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000225982.01988.93 · Cited by 663
Effect of Torcetrapib on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Kastelein, J. J. P., van Leuven, S. I., Burgess, L., Evans, G., Kuivenhoven, J. A., Barter, P. J., Revkin, J. H., Grobbee, D. E., Riley, W. A., Shear, C. L., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa071359 · Cited by 654
Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Causes and Consequences
Goldberg, I. J. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.3.7304 · Cited by 657
Therapeutic roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists
Staels, B., & Fruchart, J.-C. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2460 · Cited by 646
European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for Stroke Management – Update 2003
Olsen, T. S., Langhorne, P., Diener, H. C., Hennerici, M. G., Ferro, J. M., Sivenius, J., Wahlgren, N. G., & Bath, P. M. (2003) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000072554 · Cited by 639
HDL Cholesterol and Protective Factors in Atherosclerosis
Assmann, G., & Gotto, A. M. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000131512.50667.46 · Cited by 637
Metadata
- Authors
- Rubins, H. B., Robins, S. J., Collins, D., Fye, C. L., Anderson, J. W., Elam, M. B., Faas, F. H., Linares, E., Schaefer, E. J., Schectman, G., Wilt, T. J., & Wittes, J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- West Haven Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (US)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Memphis VA Medical Center (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center (US)
- Statistics Collaborative (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1999-08-05
- Volume
- 341
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 410-418
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2328529137
- Semantic Scholar
- c59834b2e2f45268e79b64cd3316445882b86f66
- Cited by
- 3,439
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 114
- FWCI
- 242.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Keywords
- gemfibrozil, secondary prevention, coronary artery disease, low HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease mortality, stroke, fibrates, men
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Hypolipidemic Agents, Coronary Disease, Double-Blind Method, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypolipoproteinemias, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk, Triglycerides, Gemfibrozil, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
