The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system.
Abstract
Thyroid hormone has many effects on the heart and vascular system.1 Many of the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism are due to the ability of thyroid hormone to alter cardiovascular hemodynamics.2 The hemodynamic effects of hypothyroidism are opposite to those of hyperthyroidism, although the clinical manifestations are less obvious. This review will integrate what is known about the mechanisms of thyroid hormone action on the heart25 with recent observations from both experimental and clinical studies of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. We will also address the potential role of thyroid hormone treatment in patients with acute or chronic cardiac disease.Effects of . . .
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“in the hyperthyroid state the increase in renin release secondary to the hormone-dependent decrease in systemic vascular resistance may stimulate the angiotensin-aldosterone axis and consequently sodium reabsorption (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).”
From The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Blood Pressure Homeostasis: Evidence from Short-Term Hypothyroidism in Humans (2002) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“T 3 has also a vasodilatory effect on arterioles, which is mediated by a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells that promotes relaxation, by local heat production, and possibly by  2receptor stimulation (11)(12)(13).”
From The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Blood Pressure Homeostasis: Evidence from Short-Term Hypothyroidism in Humans (2002) · cites this paper as [13]
Citations
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Klein, I. (1990) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90531-h · Cited by 370
Self-citationLeft Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Biondi, B., Fazio, S., Palmieri, E. A., Carella, C., Panza, N., Cittadini, A., Bonè, F., Lombardi, G., & Saccà, L. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5733 · Cited by 334
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Medium-term effectiveness of L-thyroxine treatment in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
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Klein, I., Becker, D. V., & Levey, G. S. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-4-199408150-00010 · Cited by 120
Self-citationThyroid hormone regulation of phospholamban phosphorylation in the rat heart
Ojamaa, K., Kenessey, A., & Klein, I. (2000) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.141.6.7514 · Cited by 106
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Levothyroxine sodium pentahydrate tablets – formulation considerations
Kaur, N., & Suryanarayanan, R. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.006 · Cited by 19
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Chen, P., Li, S., Lei, X., Liu, Z., Luo, Y., Wu, D., & Xu, D. (2015) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0000000000000524 · Cited by 18
Lin, C., Kuo, F.-C., Chau, T., Shih, J.-H., Lin, C.-S., Chen, C.-C., Lee, C.-C., & Lin, S.-H. (2024) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00472-4 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Klein, I., & Ojamaa, K.
- Affiliations
- North Shore University Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Ojamaa, Kaie
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2001-02-15
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 501-509
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2325705904
- Cited by
- 2,300
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 132 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 10.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- thyroid hormones, cardiovascular system, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, cardiac hemodynamics, vascular system, heart disease, thyroid hormone replacement
- MeSH terms
- Amiodarone, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Atrial Fibrillation, Heart, Heart Diseases, Heart Failure, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Myocardial Contraction, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine
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