SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), a novel lineage of coronavirus causing COVID-19, contains substitutions in two immunodominant domains of the spike protein. Here, we show that pseudovirus expressing 501Y.V2 spike protein completely escapes three classes of therapeutically relevant antibodies. This pseudovirus also exhibits substantial to complete escape from neutralization, but not binding, by convalescent plasma. These data highlight the prospect of reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and foreshadows reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.
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Neutralizing antibody titres against certain SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta), were lower than those against the parental strain WA1/2020.
“As previously reported for other vaccines29–33, the neutralizing antibody titres against certain SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as the B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants, were lower than those against the parental strain WA1/2020.”
From Optimization of non-coding regions for a non-modified mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
The Figure 2 passage reports reduced neutralization of 501Y.V2 (Beta) relative to the original Wuhan-1 D614G lineage using convalescent plasma; the vaccine discussion also reports reduced neutralization of Beta by vaccinee sera. The paper does not address Delta, and its tested comparator is Wuhan-1 D614G, not the specified WA1/2020 strain. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese variants are partially resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies against spike, convalescent plasma, and sera from vaccinated participants.
“recent reports suggest that these variants are partially resistant to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies against spike protein, by convalescent plasma and, notably, by sera from participants who have received severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines91,94,95.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
In convalescent donors infected with prototype lineage virus, 48% of serum samples could not neutralize B.1.351, and the rest showed reduced neutralization titers by a factor of 3 to 86.
“The sensitivity of B.1.351 to neutralizing antibodies from convalescent donors infected with the prototype lineage virus, assessed with a spike-pseudovirus neutralization assay, indicated that 48% of serum samples were unable to neutralize B.1.351, with the rest showing a reduction in neutralization titers by a factor of 3 to 86.21”
From Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Mutations in B.1.351 and P.1 variants are associated with the more pronounced loss of neutralizing capacity.
“In contrast, mutations in B.1.351 and P.1 variants are associated with the more pronounced loss of neutralizing capacity.15,16,22,23,25”
From Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
Sera from PIDs who experienced symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and who had detectable anti-RBD IgG titers before vaccination displayed generally weak nAb titers against Wuhan-Hu-1 at 1 to 9 months after infection and lower or nonexistent titers against the B.1.351 variants.
“Similarly, sera from PIDs who experienced symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and who had detectable anti-RBD IgG titers before vaccination displayed generally weak nAb titers against Wuhan-Hu-1 at 1 to 9 months after infection and lower or nonexistent titers against the B.1.351 variants, in agreement with another study (69).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
Mutations in B.1.351 and P.1, including E484K and K417N/T, partly compromise neutralization generated by previous infection or vaccination.
“Mutations in the B.1.351and P.1 strains, including E484K and K417N/T, are of high concern, since they partly compromise neutralization generated by previous infection or vaccination [23][24][25] or may increase inherent viral fitness.”
From Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
The E484K mutation can mediate antibody escape of B.1.351 and P.1 variants.
“The E484K mutation, which can mediate antibody escape of B.1.351and P.1 variants, has been recently detected in the B.1.1.7 lineage in the United Kingdom, and thus represents a major potential threat for previously immune populations.”
From Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
B.1.351 was the most resistant to neutralization by convalescent or vaccinee sera, with 6- to 15-fold less neutralization activity for sera from individuals immunized with vaccines based on the WA1 strain.
“In multiple studies, B.1.351 was the most resistant to neutralization by convalescent or vaccinee sera, with 6- to 15-fold less neutralization activity for sera from individuals immunized with vaccines based on the virus strain first described in January 2020 (Wuhan-Hu-1, spike also called WA1) (2–9).”
From Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
Most prior studies evaluated sera from vaccinated individuals soon after the first or second dose and had limited data on the durability of such responses.
“Most of these prior studies have evaluated sera from vaccinated individuals at time points soon after the first or second dose and have had limited data on the durability of such responses.”
From Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
Both the Beta and Delta variants are associated with decreased neutralization by some anti-RBD and anti-NTD monoclonal antibodies, though each remains responsive to at least one anti-RBD.
“Both the Beta and Delta variants are associated with decreased neutralization by some anti-receptor binding-domain (anti-RBD) and anti-N-terminal domain (anti-NTD) monoclonal antibodies though both Beta and Delta each remain responsive to at least one anti-RBD ( 8 , 9 , 21 ).”
From Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Beta and Delta are relatively poorly neutralized by convalescent sera obtained from unvaccinated individuals infected with non-VOC virus.
“In addition, Beta and Delta are relatively poorly neutralized by convalescent sera obtained from unvaccinated individuals infected with non-VOC virus ( 7 – 9 , 21 ).”
From Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Wibmer, C. K., Ayres, F., Hermanus, T., Madzivhandila, M., Kgagudi, P., Oosthuysen, B., Lambson, B. E., de Oliveira, T., Vermeulen, M., van der Berg, K., Rossouw, T., Boswell, M., Ueckermann, V., Meiring, S., von Gottberg, A., Cohen, C., Morris, L., Bhiman, J. N., & Moore, P. L.
- Affiliations
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- South African National Blood Service (ZA)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Steve Biko Hospital (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Moore, Penny L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2021-03-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 622-625
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC7836116
- OpenAlex
- W3133794453
- Cited by
- 1,147
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 314 · 2021: 634 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 87.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (221003/Z/20/Z, 221003)
- Government of the United Kingdom
- Royal Society
- National Research Foundation (98341)
- South African Medical Research Council (98341, SHIPNCD 76756, 96825)
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- African Academy of Sciences
- National Institutes of Health (98341, COVID-19)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5 U01IP001048-05-00, U01IP001048)
- Medical Research Council (COVID-19)
- Fogarty International Center (R21TW011454, D43TW010345)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, B.1.351 variant, spike protein mutations, antibody escape, neutralization, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, reinfection, vaccine efficacy, pseudovirus, spike protein binding
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